托福閱讀文章小結(jié)題輕松應(yīng)對(duì)
很多同學(xué)面對(duì)托福閱讀文章的小結(jié),感覺無(wú)從下手,理解不好文章意思,抓不住文章重點(diǎn)。下面,小編給大家就托福閱讀小結(jié)題的具體解題技巧進(jìn)行剖析講解,作為考前沖刺!
托福閱讀文章小結(jié)題輕松答題技巧
第一步就是要在最快的速度內(nèi)拉出文章構(gòu)架:即在做所有題之前先快速跳讀一遍文章。通讀文章的時(shí)候只需要讀每段的首句、末句和轉(zhuǎn)折句。一般抓住了首尾句和轉(zhuǎn)折句就抓住了一段的主旨。讀首尾句的原因我們大家都很理解,那么讀轉(zhuǎn)折句的意義何在呢?
文章的首句說了一件事,如果下面沒有轉(zhuǎn)折的話,那下面的話肯定是在解釋上一句話,或者順著上一句話往下說,最后可能在總結(jié)一下,那我們只讀首尾句就可以概括出這段話的主旨,但是如果出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折,也就是說后面說的事情和之前講的不一樣,也就是說文章的意思有兩層,轉(zhuǎn)折句就是第二層意思的概括。讀的時(shí)候做筆記是非常有必要的,看似在浪費(fèi)時(shí)間,實(shí)則節(jié)省時(shí)間,因?yàn)槊馊チ撕竺孀鲱}還要再看原文的痛苦,托福閱讀中的文章架構(gòu)都是很清晰,一般我們看段首尾句和轉(zhuǎn)折句就可以抓住文段的中心。
第二步判斷選項(xiàng),做文章小結(jié)題,我們要謹(jǐn)記選出來的選項(xiàng)是要能概括文章大意的,所以一些細(xì)節(jié)性的,和文章表述相矛盾的,或者是文章中未提及的選項(xiàng)都可以借助排除法進(jìn)行選擇。那什么是細(xì)節(jié)性的呢?細(xì)節(jié)就是不需要被解釋的內(nèi)容,也就是說陳述的是一件事實(shí),我們判斷一個(gè)句子是不是細(xì)節(jié),就要看它前后有沒有解釋。和文章表述相矛盾或者是原文中沒有提到的信息要排除,為什么呢?因?yàn)槲覀冞x的要是能表達(dá)文章主要意思的選項(xiàng),跟原文表述都相反怎么可能入選呢?有很多同學(xué)覺得自己分辨不出那些是文章沒提及的,那些是跟文章相違背的,其實(shí)這都是關(guān)于細(xì)節(jié)性的考察,我們之前做的題目就是積累細(xì)節(jié)的過程,要是一個(gè)選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了我們沒看過的內(nèi)容,雖然不能很斷定的說文章有沒有提及,但絕對(duì)不是文章的主旨,因?yàn)橹髦疾豢赡苤惶嵋淮?,而且在不顯眼的地方出現(xiàn)的,借助我們記的筆記,總結(jié)出各段的大意,我們很容易判斷出那些是段落主旨大意那些是細(xì)節(jié)性或者無(wú)關(guān)的信息。
平時(shí)做托福閱讀文章題的時(shí)候我們不要單純的只求速度,還要弄明白這道題背后的出題意思,做完一個(gè)文章小結(jié)題,我們要仔細(xì)的對(duì)照跟文段主要意思的匹配關(guān)系,細(xì)細(xì)體會(huì),文章小結(jié)題就會(huì)迎刃而解。
托福閱讀文章小結(jié)題該這么做?
對(duì)于托福閱讀出現(xiàn)在最后一題的文章小結(jié)題很多同學(xué)都對(duì)此非常頭疼,往往只能選出3個(gè)正確答案中的最多2個(gè),甚至只有一個(gè)(這是不得分的)。同學(xué)們往往覺得這樣的題目總是不夠時(shí)間去做,即使有充足的時(shí)間也已經(jīng)對(duì)于文章所讀過的內(nèi)容有所遺忘,導(dǎo)致大家對(duì)于最后這道題產(chǎn)生了陰影,每每遇到文章小結(jié)題就產(chǎn)生了巨大的恐懼感。因此,今天我們就來一起討論分析一下文章小結(jié)題的一些解題策略。
首先,文章小結(jié)題的要求是需要我們歸納總結(jié)出全文中的three most important ideas,也就是文章最重要的三個(gè)主要觀點(diǎn)。
這些觀點(diǎn)一定是源自于各個(gè)段落的段落觀點(diǎn),甚至有些文章的主要觀點(diǎn)之一就是某一個(gè)重要段落的段落觀點(diǎn)。因此這就意味著我們?cè)谶x擇的過程中需要回顧文章各個(gè)段落的主要內(nèi)容,并進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的整合歸納得出最后的答案。
其次,從做題的時(shí)間上來說,根據(jù)大部分中國(guó)同學(xué)的托福閱讀做題速度,我們同學(xué)們?cè)谧龅阶詈笠活}的時(shí)候往往在20分鐘的單篇閱讀時(shí)間中只會(huì)剩下2-3分鐘的時(shí)間,所以指望自己在僅剩的這點(diǎn)時(shí)間里帶著緊張焦慮的心情做對(duì)小結(jié)題是非常困難的,很有可能就會(huì)超時(shí)進(jìn)而占用了下一篇文章的時(shí)間。
因此對(duì)于小結(jié)題的做題準(zhǔn)備工作一定是從讀到文章的第一刻開始的。
01
文章標(biāo)題
很多同學(xué)在拿到托福閱讀文章的時(shí)候都沒有讀title(標(biāo)題)的習(xí)慣,這點(diǎn)其實(shí)很不好。
花上3-5秒讀一下文章的標(biāo)題,我們就可以了解本篇文章的主角,甚至還可以從部分的標(biāo)題中了解文章的主要寫法。
比如:我們一直會(huì)遇到A and B這樣結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)題,大家比較熟悉的就是官方指南中的《Artisan and Industrialization》這篇文章,凡是這樣結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)題且A和B不屬于同一個(gè)類別的時(shí)候,文章一定寫的是其中一者對(duì)于另一者的影響。就好像OG上的這篇文章說的就是當(dāng)時(shí)的手工藝者在遇到全新工業(yè)時(shí)代的到來時(shí)受到的影響。
所以當(dāng)我們關(guān)注文章標(biāo)題的時(shí)候我們就可以在閱讀開始之前對(duì)文章內(nèi)容有一個(gè)大概的預(yù)判。
02
文章段落
在標(biāo)題過后我們自然進(jìn)入到了文章段落的理解以及做題的過程中去,在這個(gè)過程中其實(shí)我們需要為最后的文章小結(jié)題做好非常充分的準(zhǔn)備。
在讀完每一個(gè)段落之后我建議同學(xué)們不要急于開始進(jìn)行左側(cè)相應(yīng)題目的解答。我們應(yīng)該回顧總結(jié)一下剛才所讀的這一段的main idea(段落觀點(diǎn)),我們都知道其實(shí)大部分文章段落的核心觀點(diǎn)都出現(xiàn)在段落的前兩句話范圍內(nèi)。當(dāng)然我們也需要知道,在一部分情況下在段落中間篇幅的地方會(huì)出現(xiàn)一句轉(zhuǎn)折詞開頭的句子,這句話往往引出了一個(gè)新的觀點(diǎn),同時(shí)也對(duì)這個(gè)段落進(jìn)行了分層。
比如:Reduction in numbers of game should have boded illfor their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing,eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer,now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure hashad just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buchner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time,says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at anyother time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."
在這一段文章中我們從段首的地方了解到段落一開始主要在討論人類活動(dòng)破壞了deer的棲息地導(dǎo)致deer數(shù)量急劇減少。但是我們?cè)谥虚g看到了But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. 這樣一句話。很明顯這句話起到了分層的作用,在這句話后面的部分開始介紹的是black-tailed deer受到了人類影響反而數(shù)量增加的觀點(diǎn)及相關(guān)內(nèi)容。所以很顯然在這樣的段落里,我們要將兩個(gè)部分觀點(diǎn)結(jié)合在一起作為本段話的main idea,并且更多的以后半段作為重心。我們?cè)谶@樣一段文章的閱讀后可以在大腦中過一下段落觀點(diǎn),當(dāng)然如果有同學(xué)覺得讀到后面的文章內(nèi)容之后很容易忘記前文的段落觀點(diǎn),那么我建議大家可以進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)墓P記。
03
段落觀點(diǎn)的筆記
閱讀也需要筆記嗎?當(dāng)然可以,因?yàn)檫@是一個(gè)非常高效的方式來幫我們每個(gè)同學(xué)記錄每一段的main idea。值得注意的是往往文章第一段都是對(duì)于背景信息的介紹,所以我們?cè)谧x完之后不需要進(jìn)行筆記的記錄。
而對(duì)于之后的每一個(gè)段落,在讀完之后建議同學(xué)們不要急著做題,而是可以先把本段的main idea用最簡(jiǎn)單的筆記方式(參考聽力筆記的記錄方式)在草稿紙上記錄下來。這樣一來在全部段落讀完之后也就是我們做到文章最后一題的時(shí)候,我們可以參考自己的筆記梳理文章的主要觀點(diǎn)。這樣一來就可以非常高效同時(shí)準(zhǔn)確地歸納出文章重要觀點(diǎn),在有限的時(shí)間里迅速閱讀最后一題的每一個(gè)選項(xiàng),開始進(jìn)行判斷篩選工作。
04
關(guān)于干擾項(xiàng)
很多同學(xué)在經(jīng)過一整篇文章的閱讀和做題之后,在做文章小結(jié)題的時(shí)候往往會(huì)很容易選出一個(gè)看似內(nèi)容在原文提到過的選項(xiàng)作為答案之一。但是其實(shí)這樣的選項(xiàng)就是原文的細(xì)節(jié)信息或者是例子,這恰恰在文章小結(jié)題中是最常見的干擾項(xiàng),同學(xué)們必須及時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)變思維模式,將這樣的選項(xiàng)直接排除。
這里我們?cè)賮砜匆粋€(gè)官方指南中的例子:
This unprecedented development of a finite ground water resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region tofall drastically. In the 1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth ofabout 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters ormore. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year,necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated a creage in Texas that is supported in 1980.
In Texas, a great deal of attention is being paid to genetic engineering because it is there that the most critical situation exists.
很明顯我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)選項(xiàng)中提到的Texas屬于原文段落中的例子,同時(shí)該選項(xiàng)中還出現(xiàn)了這個(gè)段落中未提及的genetic engineering的信息,所以我們可以認(rèn)定這個(gè)選項(xiàng)屬于錯(cuò)誤細(xì)節(jié)信息,因此屬于干擾項(xiàng)。
我們?cè)賮砜吹搅硗庖环N比較典型的干擾項(xiàng),通過很多文章的標(biāo)題我們都能獲知文章主要討論的對(duì)象,那么也就是說全文都會(huì)圍繞這一對(duì)象進(jìn)行展開,最后我們所選出的重要觀點(diǎn)也應(yīng)該是以該對(duì)象為主角(選項(xiàng)句子的主語(yǔ)往往是這個(gè)對(duì)象),那么一旦我們?cè)谶x項(xiàng)中遇到主語(yǔ)并不是文章主角的句子就應(yīng)該更加仔細(xì)的進(jìn)行判斷。
比如我們來看接下來的這個(gè)例子,在TPO中有這樣的一篇文章:《Deer population of the Puget Sound》,通過標(biāo)題以及文章的通讀我們很容易得知全文主要討論的對(duì)象就是這一地區(qū)deer的數(shù)量,所以最后的正確選項(xiàng)一定應(yīng)該是以deer population作為主語(yǔ)的,那么也就可以認(rèn)定下面的選項(xiàng)的主要討論對(duì)象出現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤,故認(rèn)定為是一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)。Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.
05
關(guān)于正確選項(xiàng)
最后我們來一起看一下文章小結(jié)題的正確選項(xiàng)具有什么樣的特點(diǎn)。作為一個(gè)正確的選項(xiàng)根據(jù)上文所提到的必須是以全文主角為句子的主語(yǔ),同時(shí)必須是一個(gè)概括性的觀點(diǎn),那么怎么樣來判斷這個(gè)選項(xiàng)是否是一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)呢?有這樣一個(gè)原則可供同學(xué)們參考:這個(gè)選項(xiàng)如果可以至少概括原文中某一段話的話,也就是可以作為原文中至少一段話的main idea,那么就可以認(rèn)定為文章的重要觀點(diǎn)之一。那么有同學(xué)會(huì)問到如果選項(xiàng)可以概括原文的相鄰兩段話的話,是否可以選擇呢?那就可以更加確信無(wú)疑。因?yàn)槿绻@一選項(xiàng)可以概括相鄰兩段話的內(nèi)容的話,就足以證明這一選項(xiàng)的概括性以及在全文的重要性。
讓我們通過下面的例子來更形象的理解一下這一原則:
The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly sincethe entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" Thedeer which once pictures quely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."
Deerpopulations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas atthat time.
通過上文段落的閱讀理解我們可以歸納出段落的主要觀點(diǎn)是由于人類的行為導(dǎo)致這一地區(qū)的deer數(shù)量產(chǎn)生了巨大波動(dòng),主要出現(xiàn)了大量減少的情況。如果我們同學(xué)們?cè)谧x完這一段話之后就進(jìn)行歸納并在草稿紙上進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的筆記記錄,那么在做到最后一題的時(shí)候我們看著自己的筆記,再和題目給到我們的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比對(duì),我們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)加粗的這一句選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容完全概括了該段落的核心觀點(diǎn),也沒有出現(xiàn)任何錯(cuò)誤或多余的信息,所以完全符合我們之前所提到的正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn),因此可以大膽地將這一選項(xiàng)選出來。
以上便是我本人對(duì)于托福閱讀最后一題的文章小結(jié)題的解題思路進(jìn)行的初步分析,總體上還是希望同學(xué)們可以在讀文章的時(shí)候更加關(guān)注對(duì)于文章總體思路以及核心觀點(diǎn)的把握,而不是只關(guān)注那些題目所問到的信息,這樣只會(huì)使得自己對(duì)文章的理解過于片面。文章小結(jié)題這一題目本來就是沒有任何技巧可言,同學(xué)們也不要指望于任何的解題技巧,還是需要把更多時(shí)間放在單詞積累上,讓自己有一個(gè)扎實(shí)的詞匯量來提高自己的閱讀能力。同時(shí)在平時(shí)做題的過程中就要養(yǎng)成良好的閱讀習(xí)慣:在每一段話讀完之后及時(shí)歸納概括段落的核心觀點(diǎn),形成思維定式和習(xí)慣,那么在真正考試的時(shí)候也就能夠從容的應(yīng)對(duì)文章小結(jié)題這一看似特別“討厭”的題目了。
托福閱讀試題例題解析—小結(jié)題
Prose Summary 小結(jié)題
小結(jié)題是每一篇文章最后的那一道大題,需要從六個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出三個(gè)作為正確答案,每一題兩分。我們首先來分析一下這個(gè)題目的題干要求:
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
(一個(gè)總結(jié)性句子已經(jīng)給出。通過選擇三個(gè)選項(xiàng)來完成這個(gè)總結(jié),所選的選項(xiàng)需要表達(dá)原文最重要的信息。有些選項(xiàng)不屬于總結(jié)性選項(xiàng),因?yàn)樗麄儽磉_(dá)了沒在原文中出現(xiàn)的信息或者是原文中的細(xì)節(jié)信息。此題兩分。)通過分析題干給出的具體信息,我們能夠看出,這道題目的關(guān)鍵要求在于選擇重要信息,總結(jié)性信息。也就意味著,有的選項(xiàng)雖然正確,但是如果它表達(dá)的是原文中的細(xì)節(jié)信息,那么依然不能作為正確答案,這是這道題目中最難的一個(gè)點(diǎn)。
讓我們來看一道例題:
13-14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphins.
Answer Choices
1. Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mammals and cetaceans.
2. The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.
3. The skeleton of Basilosaurus was found in what had been the Tethys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence.
4. Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found.
5. Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found.
6. Ambulocetus’ hind legs were used for propulsion in the water.
這是每篇文章最后的一個(gè)大題,基于全文的基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行提問,所以,我們可以根據(jù)文章的關(guān)鍵句,先來判斷這篇文章的主要內(nèi)容。以下摘選了文章的每個(gè)自然段的關(guān)鍵句,我們一起來看一下:
THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS
第一自然段:It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. …
第二自然段:Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. …
第三自然段:The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. …
第四自然段:Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. …
第五自然段:An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. …
首先,第一自然段綜述關(guān)于鯨類動(dòng)物是哺乳動(dòng)物的事實(shí),到了第二自然段開始揭示鯨類動(dòng)物起源的具體細(xì)節(jié),說到科學(xué)家有一些重要發(fā)現(xiàn),到了第三自然段開始交待第一種化石的名稱Pakicetus。第四自然段又提到另外一種化石發(fā)現(xiàn),名字為Basilosaurus,最后一自然段提到第三種化石發(fā)現(xiàn)Ambulocetus natans,總結(jié)來說,這篇文章通過介紹三個(gè)化石來揭示了鯨類的起源。
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