寫作中要做好語句銜接與連貫
寫作中要做好語句銜接與連貫
銜接是實現(xiàn)語句、語篇連貫的重要手段。語句或篇章如果缺乏必要的銜接,彼此之間就沒有內(nèi)在的有機聯(lián)系和符合邏輯的發(fā)展關(guān)系,行文也會雜亂無序,脈絡(luò)不清。連貫則是將語言內(nèi)容有機地結(jié)合起來,使之符合邏輯,從而達(dá)到語言的規(guī)范性和準(zhǔn)確性。銜接與連貫是語句、語篇的重要組成部分。下面是小編為您收集整理的寫作中要做好語句銜接與連貫,供大家參考!
寫作中要做好語句銜接與連貫
銜接(cohesion)可分為語法銜接和詞匯銜接,語法銜接通過語法手段得以實現(xiàn),包括照應(yīng)(reference),替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis),而詞匯銜接則通過重復(fù)(repetition)、同義詞(synonym)、反義詞(antonym)、上下義關(guān)系(hyponymy)等復(fù)現(xiàn)(reiteration)手段的使用來完成。
連貫(coherence)是指句子內(nèi)部、句子和句子之間、段落內(nèi)部、段落與段落之間是否有連接成分或銜接詞來說明彼此間的邏輯關(guān)系。行文中如果缺乏必要的連接成分,僅僅用標(biāo)點符號連接的寫作手法在漢語中尚屬可行。可在英語中,這種僅用標(biāo)點符號的連接方式會使所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容含義模糊.如“我很累,一步也走不動了”一句,如果在英文中寫成下面兩種形式都是錯誤的:1)"I was very tired, couldn't move a step"; 2)"I was so tired that couldn't move astep.”第一句應(yīng)該改成 I was very tired and couldn't move a step;第二句則應(yīng)該在that后面重復(fù)主語“I",才能使句子意思清晰明確。但在漢語中卻是可行的,這就是英語與漢語之間的差別,學(xué)習(xí)寫作時應(yīng)引起足夠重視。
什么是主題句?有什么特點?
主題句是表示全段中心思想的句子,是段落展開的基礎(chǔ),它表明作者的態(tài)度、觀點、目的等.主題句一般簡明扼要,具有概括、抽象的特點。主題句是對文章段落意義的表述,文章中其他句子都受主題句的制約。換言之.文章段落的其他句子是對主題思想加以闡述、說明或論證,是語義層層擴展、步步深人的核心。由于主題句的概括、抽象等特點,也稱其為概述句。寫作時,不可將某個細(xì)節(jié)或具體事實當(dāng)做主題句來寫。請看下段:
Machine scored test is called "objective" type. In an objective test, the students answerquestions by deciding on the best choice among a number of alternatives given. Another one isthe "completion" type. This kind of examination requires the students to add a word or phraseto a sentence. And the third type is the essay examination, in which the students are asked towrite a composition on a given topic.
這是一段沒有主題句的段落,因為段中任何一句都不能概括全段內(nèi)容,各句各自為政,均只是分別說明三種考試的特點。試比較下面經(jīng)過修改的段落:
There are three kinds of examinations. One is the machine scored "objective" type. In anobjective test, the students answer questions by deciding on the best choice among a numberof alternatives given. Another is the "completion" type. This kind of examination requires thestudents to add a word or phrase to a sentence. And the third type is the essay examination, inwhich the students are asked to write a composition on a given topic. All these kinds of examinations are designed to reveal what a student may have learned in any particular course.
通過與范例1進行比較,我們可以看到,處于段首的"Examinations are of three kinds"顯然是該段的主題句,因為這一句不僅具有概括全段的特點,而且全段的其他文字都是圍繞著三種考試形式展開的。該段添加.七主題句后,使得段落的發(fā)展有了中心,讀者讀起來主題明確,論據(jù)充分。同時,為了進一步體現(xiàn)段落的完整性,實現(xiàn)首尾相呼應(yīng),該段在段末添加上了結(jié)論句"All these kinds of examinations are designed to reveal what a student may have learned inany particular course",以達(dá)到對主題的進一步強調(diào)和突出.