托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作丨如何寫(xiě)好獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作結(jié)尾段
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作是托福寫(xiě)作考試中的最后一項(xiàng)，大家需要根據(jù)給出題目選擇自己的觀點(diǎn)并加以論述。獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作不僅要寫(xiě)好開(kāi)頭和內(nèi)容，寫(xiě)好結(jié)尾也很重要。下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作丨如何寫(xiě)好獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作結(jié)尾段，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作丨如何寫(xiě)好獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作結(jié)尾段?
一.托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作之建議性結(jié)尾
如果說(shuō)“如此結(jié)論”是結(jié)尾最沒(méi)用的廢話，那么“如此建議”應(yīng)該是最有價(jià)值的廢話了，因?yàn)檫@里雖然也是廢話，但是卻用了一個(gè)很經(jīng)典的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句型。
Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve theproblem.Toefl
這里的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用得很經(jīng)典，因?yàn)榭脊俦緛?lái)經(jīng)?？歼@個(gè)句型，而如果我們自己寫(xiě)出來(lái)，你說(shuō)考官會(huì)怎么想呢?
更多句型：
Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.
Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.
二.托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作之結(jié)論性結(jié)尾
說(shuō)完了，畢竟要?dú)w納一番，相信各位都有這樣的經(jīng)歷，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)長(zhǎng)篇大論，到最后終于冒出個(gè)“總而言之”之類的話，我們馬上停止開(kāi)小差，等待領(lǐng)導(dǎo)說(shuō)結(jié)束語(yǔ)。也就是說(shuō)，開(kāi)頭很好，也必然要有一個(gè)精彩的結(jié)尾，讓讀者眼前一亮，你就可以拿高分了，比如下面的例子：
Obviously(此為過(guò)渡短語(yǔ)), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise frompoliteness and respect for others.
更多過(guò)渡短語(yǔ)：
to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus
更多句型：
Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we canfind that…
托福寫(xiě)作審題和布局方法
一、審題的“精確性”
在上篇中，筆者已經(jīng)介紹了部分考題中的“絕對(duì)性”的應(yīng)對(duì)措施，而根據(jù)專家對(duì)于過(guò)去2年獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作考題的分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)有90%以上的題目屬于“支持/反對(duì)”型：
2011.01.30
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Because the change of the society is so rapidly, people are less happy or less satisfied with their life than people did in the past time.
而剩下的則是由“對(duì)比論述型”構(gòu)成的：
2011.03.13
Some people think children should spend most of their time in studying and playing while others think they should help their parents with the household chores. What’s your opinion?
在審題時(shí)，考生必須首先把題目通讀1-3遍，徹底把握題目主旨后，方可進(jìn)行段落布局。在這里，筆者結(jié)合自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)給考生們一些建議：首先，判斷題目是否包含“絕對(duì)”含義的詞，若有，則按照上篇講過(guò)的建議布局，若沒(méi)有，則對(duì)于同意或者反對(duì)的理由進(jìn)行快速的brain storming, 然后根據(jù)分論點(diǎn)的數(shù)量及論點(diǎn)的可延展性來(lái)敲定立場(chǎng)：
Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
Disagree:
1) Endangered animals are valuable because of their limited quantities
2) Environment balance
3) Endangered animals sometimes stand for the country, so they are more valuable than farmlands
Agree:
1) life quality is the top priority
2) endangered animals can be raised in the zoos
經(jīng)過(guò)一番考量，假如考生得出了上述的一些分論點(diǎn)及想法，這時(shí)候，主體段的布局基本就可以敲定大方向了。第一種就是完全反對(duì)題目的說(shuō)法，采用五段式結(jié)構(gòu)布局，每個(gè)主體段論證上述三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)中的一個(gè);第二種也是反對(duì)題目的說(shuō)法，采用五段式結(jié)構(gòu)布局，但是前2個(gè)主體段從三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)中選二個(gè)去論證，而第三個(gè)主體段從“同意”的二個(gè)分論點(diǎn)里去選一個(gè)，最后的結(jié)論還是傾向于反對(duì)的。第三種是采用四段式結(jié)構(gòu)布局，即第一個(gè)主體段從三個(gè)反對(duì)意見(jiàn)中選擇二到三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)去寫(xiě)，而第二個(gè)主體段則從贊同的分論點(diǎn)里去選擇，數(shù)量上比前一段少一個(gè)即可，最后結(jié)論還是傾向于反對(duì)多一點(diǎn)。這樣說(shuō)是不是有些同學(xué)看了會(huì)有點(diǎn)“暈”呢?那下面筆者就再舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單點(diǎn)的例子吧：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain your opinion.
Disagree:
1) Most people are common, so they want to know something about famous ones
2) Famous people stand for some fashion
3) Constrain the public figures
4) Celebrities can improve the national cohesion and unity
又經(jīng)過(guò)了幾分鐘思考，我們得出了上述的四個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，但是一時(shí)半會(huì)贊同的理由實(shí)在是想不出。若考試的時(shí)候遇到這種情況，千萬(wàn)別猶豫不決，馬上從已經(jīng)想好的觀點(diǎn)里面進(jìn)行挑選。于是，這個(gè)題目我們就采用完全反對(duì)的立場(chǎng)，以五段式結(jié)構(gòu)布局全文，主體段的分論點(diǎn)從上述四點(diǎn)中挑選三個(gè)展開(kāi)論述即可。這樣一來(lái)，大家是不是明白一點(diǎn)了呢?
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their older (15 to 18 year-old) teenage children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
Agree: Parents make decision for children.
1) Parents have more experience
2) 15-18 years old children are not adults, so they can't take responsibility
還有一種情況就是我們只能想出兩個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，這時(shí)候考生應(yīng)該果斷采用四段式布局，而這一次，兩個(gè)主體段都分別論述一個(gè)同意的理由，而在結(jié)尾時(shí)，可以順便提一些反對(duì)的理由，這樣也不失為一種靈活的方法，希望考生們可以借鑒。
二、分論點(diǎn)的排列原則
專家提醒考生們，在布局的時(shí)候我們不是隨意編排分論點(diǎn)的先后順序，而是需要有一定的邏輯性和合理性。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，五段式的三個(gè)主體段，若都是同意或者都是反對(duì)的理由的話，一般這些分論點(diǎn)有兩種邏輯順序，即第一種按照“重要性”來(lái)排，將你認(rèn)為最主要的理由放在第一個(gè)主體段中詳細(xì)論證;第二種是按照“小到大”的原則，即個(gè)人方面的理由先寫(xiě)，然后再是家庭，公司，最后再是社會(huì)，國(guó)家等。倘若所有的論點(diǎn)都是在一個(gè)范圍內(nèi)的，比如都是屬于個(gè)人的論點(diǎn)，則這個(gè)時(shí)候要看這些分論點(diǎn)后續(xù)的論證內(nèi)容的多少，比如某一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)你既舉得出例子，又可以進(jìn)行對(duì)比或者因果論述的話那肯定應(yīng)該先寫(xiě)這個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，若某一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)后續(xù)能夠闡述的理由只有一句話的時(shí)候那就應(yīng)該果斷地將其排在后面寫(xiě)。若文章是四段式的結(jié)構(gòu)，則在一個(gè)主體段中的排列順序和前面講的原則是一致的。
詳談提高托福寫(xiě)作邏輯性的方法
托福獨(dú)立作文最重要的因素是什么?當(dāng)然是論點(diǎn)和論證。一篇好的作文，論點(diǎn)可以提綱挈領(lǐng)，論證可以豐富文章內(nèi)容。
由于考試時(shí)間的限制，很多英語(yǔ)程度好的學(xué)生也會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些問(wèn)題。比如說(shuō)一個(gè)學(xué)生對(duì)作文的論點(diǎn)言之鑿鑿，但就是寫(xiě)不出東西，或是寫(xiě)不出令自己滿意的句子。所以，上考場(chǎng)前，腦中一定要裝一些東西，好的例子，好的句子等。
這里強(qiáng)調(diào)論據(jù)的重要性，不是忽視邏輯和論點(diǎn)的重要性。相反，只要你能夠掌握一些萬(wàn)能的論據(jù)，對(duì)你謀劃全篇的結(jié)構(gòu)，以及段落發(fā)展，是有好處的。
論據(jù)的準(zhǔn)備也可以稱為素材，可以多去亦鷗看看小伙伴們的寫(xiě)作，這種素材可以是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，一個(gè)人名，或是一個(gè)完整的例子。這種例子能夠輔佐你的亂點(diǎn)，能夠畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛。
仿寫(xiě)也是提高作文的一大法寶，可以找到亦鷗考友們的高分作文來(lái)進(jìn)行仿寫(xiě)。仿寫(xiě)的目的是提升語(yǔ)言，不求語(yǔ)言華麗，但求語(yǔ)言要地道。
把握好托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作寫(xiě)作思路
怎樣發(fā)展成為一篇邏輯性很強(qiáng)的文章呢?下面為大家介紹一些實(shí)戰(zhàn)做法：
1.首先應(yīng)該審題，尤其關(guān)注作文題目中的絕對(duì)性詞匯。
比如：Improving school is most important factor to sucessful development of country. 看到most ，我們自然想到用他因法。
2.其次用20秒的時(shí)間，整理腦中所有能用的素材，讓這些素材稱為支持你段落的骨架，然后開(kāi)始確定段落的論點(diǎn)。
3.把握好過(guò)渡詞的使用，和適當(dāng)?shù)恼撌龇椒ㄍ晟颇愕淖魑?，使之成為一個(gè)邏輯整體。
論述方法：條件(假設(shè))法，比如：if 我按照論點(diǎn)那樣做，就能cause siginificant effects，除了用if，還能有with, when, only through + 方式+倒裝等。
4.盡量使你的語(yǔ)言句式豐富一些。
形式主語(yǔ)，主動(dòng)，被動(dòng)，動(dòng)名詞To do作主語(yǔ)，倒裝句，there be，以及強(qiáng)調(diào)句等等。特別強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn)，為了使你文章的邏輯清晰可見(jiàn)，要使用邏輯連接詞。
托福寫(xiě)作范文：誠(chéng)實(shí)是否是社團(tuán)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者最重要的品質(zhì)
寫(xiě)作題目
If you are selecting a leader for a student organization, honesty is the most important to consider in deciding whom to vote for. 如果為學(xué)生社團(tuán)選擇一位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，性格誠(chéng)實(shí)應(yīng)該是你選擇投票給誰(shuí)時(shí)最重要的考慮因素。
寫(xiě)作范文
Honesty is a good quality to lead a student organization. A lot of students vote for a campaign candidate who is loyal and honest as the best one to lead a student organization. As far as I am concerned, being honest is essential in running a students union; however there are other factors that draw the same attention.
Admittedly, telling the truth when dealing with student affairs is helpful for colleagues to improve. In order to fully support other workmate, directly telling them where the problem is and how to correct it are useful. For example, when a colleague who is new to the Office of Student Affairs, makes a mistake in correctly registering student’ names, plainly pointing out his mistake is necessary. In addition to this, it would be also appropriate to tell him that student’ handwritings are normally scratchy, and there would be more typos if he has not paid enough attention to them. In a word, being honest to his mistake would not discourage his working enterprise, but encourage him to work with more cautions. However, on balance, for a leader to manage the team well, being honest is not enough for the absolutely honest to others would hurt their feelings. To avoid this, we have to consider other factors as a leader of a student organization.
To begin with, admitting to personal mistakes is a crucial characteristics for a leader, which sets foundation for self-improvement. If one is unable to acknowledge where he has failed, he will never be able to begin the process of working on the areas of weakness. In order to be a strong leader, one has to make mistakes, and confront them with a desire to do better in the future. This has more to do with improving your competence as a leader, rather than how people perceive you. A leader will constantly be faced with tough decisions. Every leader thus has to take risks, but a good leader takes calculated risks. The only way to get better at this decision-making process is to make mistakes and learn from them. Also, if you are willing to make your mistakes public, the voters and colleagues may be willing to trust you to take bigger risks in the future.
In addition, how to cooperate with other teammates is also worth noticing. In other words, team cooperation is able to improve the efficiency when encountering difficulties. According to a survey conducted by Gallup, after polling hundreds of student leaders from universities in California, a significant percentage of them regard that being cooperative in dealing with problems could get everybody involved when making decisions. During the discussion, suggestions from different members would make the problems comprehensively considered, and hence minimizing the chance to ignoring certain aspects. Meanwhile, letting everyone have an opportunity to express his opinion makes them feel a part of the team, which is essential to build team spirit.
To sum up, there is no denying that honesty could help a student leader to run the organization. However, to consider it as the most important one is too absolute, and there are other factors, such as admitting to errors and teamwork, that are indispensable for a leader to take consideration.
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托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作丨如何寫(xiě)好獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作結(jié)尾段
