托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作ETS最愛(ài)的讓步段怎么寫(xiě)(附模板)
寫(xiě)好托福寫(xiě)作的讓步段是提高托福作文分?jǐn)?shù)的一個(gè)好方法,為了幫助大家備考,下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作ETS最愛(ài)的讓步段怎么寫(xiě)(附模板),來(lái)看看吧!
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作ETS最愛(ài)的讓步段怎么寫(xiě)(附模板)
下面的一個(gè)場(chǎng)景不知道大家是否有些熟悉,比如在肥皂劇里經(jīng)常會(huì)有這樣一個(gè)情節(jié):
一個(gè)女孩迎著一個(gè)男孩熱切的眼神,頗為羞澀的說(shuō):“我知道,你是一個(gè)好人。但是,我覺(jué)得我們不合適。”
傳說(shuō)中殺傷力巨大的好人卡有木有?!男孩瞬間受到一萬(wàn)點(diǎn)傷害!
然而,如果我跟你講,有人頗為享受這種好人卡攻擊,你會(huì)怎么想?
很變態(tài)有木有?!對(duì),ETS就是這樣一個(gè)變態(tài)的機(jī)構(gòu),簡(jiǎn)稱“一坨屎”…
所以今天我們就來(lái)講講 ETS特別喜歡的一種論證段落:讓步段,其論述方式其實(shí)就是好人卡模式攻擊,瞬間的大規(guī)模殺傷力足以讓ETS評(píng)分的考官欲仙欲死。
讓步段的本質(zhì)就是:提出對(duì)方的觀點(diǎn)+隨后攻擊該觀點(diǎn)。這里要引起注意的是,攻擊該觀點(diǎn)這一步非常重要,不然就會(huì)讓你的文章對(duì)不起觀眾了。
試想一下,當(dāng)你在電視劇里看到以下場(chǎng)景:
我知道,你是一個(gè)好人。所以——
我們就在一起愉快的玩耍吧!
如果你是電視機(jī)前的觀眾會(huì)是什么反應(yīng)?一定是內(nèi)心中萬(wàn)千只神獸奔騰而過(guò),導(dǎo)演,她出門沒(méi)有看劇本!!!
所以,如果不按常理出牌,那后果往往是很嚴(yán)重的。
ETS之所以喜歡看到讓步段,官方說(shuō)法是因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為寫(xiě)了讓步段的孩子都是具有批判思維能力的折翼天使,而私下里的原因,當(dāng)然是因?yàn)樗麄兌际鞘芘翱窭病?/p>
而對(duì)于我們來(lái)說(shuō), 寫(xiě)讓步段的好處一方面可以在我們只能想出兩個(gè)理由的時(shí)候救救急,撐滿我們的字?jǐn)?shù),另一方面也可以讓我們提前設(shè)計(jì)好更多的套路,迎合考官的口味,從而拿到一個(gè)更好的分?jǐn)?shù)。
就比如我們拿到一個(gè)題目:嘗試新事物好還是做已經(jīng)做得很好的事情比較好。
如果我想要證明嘗試新事物好,那我一般會(huì)先列舉兩個(gè)理由,比如說(shuō)嘗試新事物可以讓我們有全新的經(jīng)驗(yàn)啦,可以激發(fā)我們其他的興趣啦,之類的巴拉巴拉。
然后我會(huì)來(lái)一個(gè)讓步段:不可否認(rèn),做已經(jīng)做得很好的事情也有它的好處,比如說(shuō)可以提高成功率,提高效率。但是,重復(fù)的內(nèi)容不會(huì)激發(fā)人的創(chuàng)造力,所以無(wú)法獲得真正偉大的成功。
看到了吧,其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單,就是兩步,先承認(rèn)你好,然后再砍你一刀,當(dāng)中用一個(gè)however。
所以,我們可以看出,最重要的一步是后面的攻擊,只要我們攻擊的好,整個(gè)讓步段就自然成立了。
那么如何想法子攻擊一個(gè)我們已經(jīng)承認(rèn)的觀點(diǎn)呢?這里總結(jié)了三種思路,可供大家自由選擇。
思路一:措施解決法
比如我們經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到A好還是B好,或者A到底好不好之類的話題,這時(shí)我們的讓步段可以寫(xiě)成這樣的模式:我承認(rèn)B好,但是A通過(guò)采取措施,也可以達(dá)到類似的效果。或者,我知道A有不好的地方,但是通過(guò)采取措施,A的負(fù)面影響可以克服或者消除。
這種方法的經(jīng)典句式為:
Admittedly, a minority of individuals tend to believe that … inevitably has several drawbacks, one of which is … because… However, those people have oversimplified the real situations as some effective measures have been taken by sb. such as doing … Therefore, … will not cause serious problems to …
思路二:轉(zhuǎn)換角度法
俗話說(shuō),Every sword has two edges,凡事總有兩面。所以當(dāng)我們承認(rèn)B好,或者A好的時(shí)候,肯定換一個(gè)角度就可以得到不同的答案了。就比如說(shuō)題目里問(wèn)看電視對(duì)孩子是好是壞,我們?nèi)绻胝撟C看電視不好,那么我們的讓步段就可以寫(xiě):
姑且承認(rèn)看電視也有好的地方,比如說(shuō)孩子可以接觸很多即時(shí)的信息。但是,在接觸到好的信息的同時(shí),那些暴力色情之類的信息也同樣會(huì)影響到孩子的成長(zhǎng)。
這種方法的經(jīng)典句式為:
Admittedly, … However, if we can view such a situation from a different perspective, we can find that those people oversimplified the real situations…
思路三:更好替代法
這種模式主要用于論證A好不好,我們?nèi)绻氡砻饔X(jué)得A不好的時(shí)候,讓步段就可以采用這個(gè)形式:誠(chéng)然,A也有好的地方,但是有更為經(jīng)濟(jì)和有效的替代方法,而且這種替代方法自身也存在優(yōu)勢(shì),所以我們不想要A。
這種方法的經(jīng)典句式為:
Admittedly, … However, we can find better choices to achieve such a goal. For example, … can be easily achieved by …, which has the competition advantage of … compared with …
好啦,三種思路就先介紹到這里。其實(shí)讓步段形成套路以后很容易,只需要我們有一點(diǎn)辯證的思維。這里需要注意的是,我們首先承認(rèn)的那個(gè)觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是比較好反駁的,容易讓我們攻擊的就行。
讓步段的寫(xiě)作可以說(shuō)是一舉多得,基本已經(jīng)成為了托福高分作文的標(biāo)配之一。所以童鞋們?nèi)绻胍獩_擊托福寫(xiě)作滿分的話,這種技巧就一定要掌握了。
托福寫(xiě)作的提綱構(gòu)思小技巧
一、通常情況下,給大家推薦五段三點(diǎn)式文章結(jié)構(gòu)
即Introduction一段,Body三段,和Conclusion一段。一般第一段會(huì)用2-4句話陳述自己的觀點(diǎn),大約60字左右。第二到四段從三個(gè)方面論述自己的觀點(diǎn),每段約100字。結(jié)尾段用1-3句話總結(jié)自己的觀點(diǎn),大約40個(gè)字。那么如何具體規(guī)劃每一個(gè)段落呢?
開(kāi)頭段主要用以下幾種方法來(lái)組織,即背景法 (Background),爭(zhēng)議法(Controversy),提問(wèn)法(Question),故事法(Story)和引言法(Quotation)。以背景法為例,背景法一般會(huì)提出一種普遍的或值得關(guān)注的現(xiàn)象作為背景,或者是由遠(yuǎn)到近、由大到小地談?wù)摼o扣論題的社會(huì)觀點(diǎn)作為背景。
背景法開(kāi)頭段的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是:背景(1-3句)+論題+反方觀點(diǎn)+(反方理由)+過(guò)度+(正方觀點(diǎn))+作者的觀點(diǎn)+作者的理由。
以2007年8月11日的獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作試題為例:Technology makes people's lives more complicated. 題目涉及到了現(xiàn)今社會(huì)比較熱門的話題——科技。這樣,我們就可以以這種社會(huì)比較關(guān)注的現(xiàn)象作為我們作文的開(kāi)頭背景。因此這個(gè)題目的首段就可以這樣開(kāi)始:Technology has had tremendous impacts on every aspect of modern life. However, people are having conflicting opinions about whether it has made people's lives more complicated or not. I believe technology has by and large made our lives more convenient。第一句話就緊貼社會(huì)的背景,這樣寫(xiě)不但很容易打開(kāi)考生自己的思路,抓住作文的焦點(diǎn),還能引起考官的共鳴。
中間段落的文章結(jié)構(gòu)通常如下:Transitional words + topic sentence + development。如果考生在平時(shí)能熟練運(yùn)用這樣的一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)展開(kāi)作文,那么考場(chǎng)上就會(huì)憑借這份思維定勢(shì)來(lái)幫助自己抓住每一分。
中間三個(gè)段落都可以套用這種模式。Transitional words主要有以下三種,即表順序:firstly, secondly, finally (last but not least);表并列:besides, in addition;表對(duì)比:in contrast, in comparison。這些銜接詞會(huì)讓文章看起來(lái)脈絡(luò)清晰,組織嚴(yán)密,也就做到了評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的"well-organized"一條。
二、重視主題句
主題句,顧名思義,向考官展示的是考生作文的主要意旨所以它在中間段落中的作用是至關(guān)重要的。通常主題句應(yīng)該注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1.主題句必須是陳述句。有的考生想在寫(xiě)作中創(chuàng)新,于是采用反問(wèn)句或者其他看似多樣化的句型,然而這種多樣性帶來(lái)的后果是給考官觀點(diǎn)不明確的印象,很自然地會(huì)影響到分?jǐn)?shù)。
2.必須標(biāo)明觀點(diǎn)。如果考生把一句無(wú)關(guān)痛癢的話放在主題句的位置上,很顯然無(wú)法表明自身觀點(diǎn)。比如像“今天是晴天”這樣的話沒(méi)有表明觀點(diǎn);然而“今天是個(gè)好天氣”就包含一種感情色彩在里面,給人一種立場(chǎng)明確的感覺(jué)。考生應(yīng)該切記:沒(méi)有反駁余地的就不可以作為主題句。
3.態(tài)度必須堅(jiān)決,但是不能極端。
4.每段必須有主題句。理論上講沒(méi)有主題句是可以的,但是考場(chǎng)上不可以,沒(méi)有主題就會(huì)浪費(fèi)考官的時(shí)間去幫你總結(jié)主題,然而繁忙的考官是不會(huì)那么善良地去分析你的題目來(lái)抓取你的觀點(diǎn)的。
托福寫(xiě)作中如何講究字詞造句
托福寫(xiě)作字詞句段的講究是很常見(jiàn)的,其中處于中心部分的便是句,要知道新托福寫(xiě)作要求大家對(duì)于用詞以及句子的表達(dá)要求都是比較高的。好的句子會(huì)使你的作文內(nèi)容豐富,而且還能夠幫助解決文章框架單一的問(wèn)題。下面小編整理了一些托福寫(xiě)作常用的句子和句型,和大家分享。希望備考托福的考生,可以運(yùn)用這些句子來(lái)優(yōu)化作文內(nèi)容。
I 準(zhǔn)確的句子表達(dá)
1. 句型分析
英語(yǔ)的句型包括以下幾種,簡(jiǎn)單句、復(fù)合句、并列句、并列復(fù)合句等。在新托福寫(xiě)作中,一般使用復(fù)合句,輔以并列句和并列復(fù)合句,當(dāng)然肯定要有簡(jiǎn)單句,做到長(zhǎng)短句相結(jié)合。下面摘抄幾個(gè)句子給大家認(rèn)識(shí)并分析一下復(fù)合句和并列復(fù)合句。
a. Even though I usually know what I have to say, I cannot always express myself correctly in English.
這句話是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,由even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。
b. This challenges me to practice my spoken English, with the result that I can complete the speaking tasks more fluently and quickly.
這句話中是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。with介詞結(jié)構(gòu)中,有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句對(duì)result進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明。
c. I think this is less than ideal because any differences in opinion become personal conflicts, and therefore that might jeopardize the employee’s job.
托福寫(xiě)作輔導(dǎo)指出上句話是一個(gè)并列復(fù)雜句。and 連接了兩個(gè)句子,是一個(gè)并列句;because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
d. Shallow writing is indicative of weak critical-thinking skills, and such writing, which is often described as “sophomoric”, receives low mark.
這句話同樣是并列復(fù)雜句。由and連接兩個(gè)句子,成為并列句,再一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
2. 有問(wèn)題的托福寫(xiě)作句子的列舉
托福寫(xiě)作中的句子容易出現(xiàn)三個(gè)問(wèn)題:一是使用破碎句,二是使用接連句,三是句子連接不正確。
1). 破碎句
所謂破碎句,就是句子不完整,通常是沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)(或者說(shuō)謂語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式,如分詞),或者是從句單獨(dú)成句。
破碎句:She singing alone. (無(wú)謂語(yǔ),singing是現(xiàn)在分詞)
正確句:She is singing alone.
破碎句:He did not come. Because he was sick. (從句單獨(dú)成句)
正確句:He did not come because he was sick.
2).接連句
所謂接連據(jù),就是兩個(gè)句子直接連在一起,既未使用連詞,也未使用正確的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。
接連句: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers they have greater freedom in planning their time.
正確句一: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers. However, they have greater freedom in planning their time.
正確句二: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers; however, they have greater freedom in planning their time.
3).句子連接不正確
所謂托福寫(xiě)作句子連接不正確,就是兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子之間以逗號(hào)連接,這是不合英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的。正確的做法是以連詞、分號(hào)、冒號(hào)、句號(hào)等連接兩個(gè)句子。
不正確句: Breaking chalk into two pieces is a physical change, there is no change in the composition of the chalk.
正確句: Breaking chalk into two pieces is a physical change, so there is no change in the composition of the chalk.
II 高分表達(dá)
除了在句式上長(zhǎng)短句相結(jié)合準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)外,朗閣海外考試研究中心建議新托??忌褂靡恍┨厥獾木涫剑允咕湫投鄻踊?。句型多樣化也是作文得到高分的條件之一。除了我們之前經(jīng)常提到的高分句式,如倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、狀語(yǔ)前置、插入語(yǔ)等,筆者還提出另外一個(gè)句式的多樣變化,即主語(yǔ)多樣化。下面筆者將列舉幾個(gè)句子概括介紹前面四種句型,而重點(diǎn)分析主語(yǔ)多樣化。
正常句: Luck only works in extreme cases.
倒裝句: Only in extreme cases does luck work.(否定詞位于句首的倒裝。)
正常句: The internet provides people access to the latest information.
強(qiáng)調(diào)句: It is the internet that provides people access to the latest information. (強(qiáng)調(diào)the internet)
正常句: The environment has been deteriorating severely along with the development of industry.
狀語(yǔ)前置句: Along with the accelerating development of industry, the environment has been deteriorating severely.
正常句: However, new zoos try to duplicate animals’ natural habitats as much as possible and give animals a comfortable amount of space.
插入語(yǔ): New zoos, however, try to duplicate animals’ natural habitats as much as possible and give animals a comfortable amount of space. (連詞however做插入語(yǔ))
主語(yǔ)多樣
1. 她突然想到了一個(gè)主意。
She suddenly had an idea.
通常情況下,考生會(huì)馬上對(duì)這句話進(jìn)行翻譯,基本不會(huì)動(dòng)句子結(jié)構(gòu)。但是以人作為主語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)句子總是不能夠很吸引人,所以這個(gè)句子如果稍微做下修改,以后面的賓語(yǔ)“主意”做主語(yǔ),這個(gè)句子會(huì)發(fā)生一些變化。來(lái)源:考試大-托??荚嘇n idea suddenly occurred to her.
2. 他開(kāi)車心不在焉,幾乎闖禍。
He was absent-minded when driving, and almost caused an accident.
這句話依然是拿人做主語(yǔ),稍微改一下,把心不在焉這個(gè)形容詞的名詞形式做主語(yǔ),會(huì)大不相同。
His absence of mind during driving nearly caused an accident.
3. 美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)創(chuàng)立于1789年。
The United States of America was founded in 1789.
這句話沒(méi)有任何錯(cuò)誤,但是不夠多樣,可以用時(shí)間作主語(yǔ)。
The year 1789 witnessed the founding of the United States of America.
III 實(shí)用句型
在托福寫(xiě)作文章的最后,朗閣海外考試研究中心為大家列舉幾個(gè)新托??荚囍锌梢允褂玫奶子镁湫?,為一些寫(xiě)句子摸不著頭緒的考生提供幫助。
1. It pays to make great efforts to prepare for toefl-ibt.
努力準(zhǔn)備新托??荚囀侵档玫?。
2. Nothing is more important than to receive education.
沒(méi)有比接受教育更重要的了。
3. The reason why the white-collars suffer increasing work-related stress is that they pursue work achievement in career.
白領(lǐng)壓力日益增加的原因是他們?cè)谑聵I(yè)上有所追求。
4. It is time the related department took proper measures.
(虛擬句式)相關(guān)部門早該采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧┝恕?/p>
托福范文:是否支持社區(qū)建高中學(xué)校
It has recently been announced that a new high school may be built in your community. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details in your answer.
「范文」 A New High School in the Community
Education is a top priority for every society, and the better the educational facilities are, the more likely it is that students will succeed. Their success will in turn be of benefit to the society as a whole. Because I support investment in education, I would welcome a new high school in my community. Furthermore, I believe a high school would benefit the community in the following ways.
First, the students who live in my community would no longer have to travel very far to attend school. This would save them a great deal of time, which they could then spend studying, relaxing, or helping their families. Second, with a redistribution of students between the school they used to go to and the new high school, both schools would be less crowded. This would enable students to receive more personal attention and a higher quality of education. Third, a high school can offer many advantages to the community as a whole. Residents may use some of its facilities, such as the sports ground, or attend concerts and other events in the auditorium.
In conclusion, I believe that a new high school would benefit any community. It would help not only the students and their families, but also other residents of the neighborhood. Therefore, I would wholeheartedly support the building of a new high school in my neighborhood.
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