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　　小升初英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)：虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　如果你看到下列的句子，你會(huì)認(rèn)為它們是正確的還是錯(cuò)的呢?

　　1.I wish I were a bird.

　　2.We request that you be here tomorrow.

　　也許你會(huì)說(shuō):"哈哈，第一句的 I were 錯(cuò)了，應(yīng)該是 I was;而第二句中的 you be是什么東東呀?不是 you are, 也不是 you will be, 什么 you be?!"其實(shí)上面的句子都是一種稱為 Subjunctive 類型的句子。Subjunctive Mood 有的書譯為"假設(shè)語(yǔ)氣"，雖不很貼切;但在相當(dāng)大的程度上，告訴我們這種句子的特點(diǎn)。Subjunctive Mood中文譯作"虛擬語(yǔ)氣"，似乎不及"假設(shè)語(yǔ)氣"那么容易明白。它是一種動(dòng)詞形式，表示說(shuō)話人的某種假設(shè)、愿望、懷疑、猜測(cè)、建議等含義?；旧?，虛擬語(yǔ)氣可分為虛擬現(xiàn)在(Subjunctive Present)和虛擬過(guò)去(Subjunctive Past)兩種;但它們和時(shí)態(tài)(Tenses)上所指的現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(Present Tense)和過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(Past Tense)是有所不同的。

　　一、虛擬現(xiàn)在(Subjunctive Present):

　　虛擬現(xiàn)在的句子，在任何時(shí)候都要用動(dòng)詞的原形(root form)，就算是第三人稱(he,she, it)也是如此。如：

　　1.1 現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(Simple Present): (右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

　　I work ---- I work

　　you work ---- you work

　　he works ---- he work (注意到了嗎，是 work，不是 works)

　　she works ---- she work (不是 she works 喔)

　　it works ---- it work (同樣不是 it works 喔)

　　we work ---- we work

　　they work ---- they work

　　1.2 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(Present Continuous):(右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

　　I am working ---- I be working (注意用的是 be，怪怪的!)

　　you are working ---- you be working

　　he is working ---- he be working

　　she is working ---- she be working

　　it is working ---- it be working

　　we are working ---- we be working

　　they are woring ---- they be working

　　1.3 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)(Present Perfect):(右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

　　I have worked ---- I have worked

　　you have worked ---- you have worked

　　he has worked ----- he have worked (用的還是have喔)

　　she has worked ---- she have worked

　　it has worked ---- it have worked

　　we have worked ---- we have worked

　　they have worked ---- they have worked

　　1.4 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(Present Perfect Continuous):(右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

　　I have been working ---- I have been working

　　you have been working ---- you have been working

　　he has been working ---- he have been working (是 he have, 不是 he has )

　　she has been working ---- she have been working

　　it has been working --- it have been working

　　we have been working ---- we have been working

　　they have been working ---- they have been working

　　談?wù)勌摂M語(yǔ)氣(Subjunctive Mood)(二)

　　二、虛擬過(guò)去(Subjunctive Past)

　　虛擬過(guò)去的動(dòng)詞無(wú)論在什么情況之下都要用過(guò)去復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：動(dòng)詞 be，在虛擬過(guò)去中要用 were。

　　2.1 過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(Simple Past):(右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

　　I worked ---- I worked

　　you worked ---- you worked

　　he worked ---- he worked

　　she worked ---- she worked

　　it worked ---- it worked

　　we worked ---- we worked

　　they worked ---- they worked

　　2.2 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(Past Continuous):(右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

　　I was working ---- I were working (注意是 I were)

　　you were working ---- you were working

　　he was working ---- he were working (是 he were 喔)

　　she was working ---- she were working

　　it was working ---- it were working

　　we were working ---- we were working

　　they were working ---- they were working

　　2.3 過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)(Past Perfect):(右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

　　I had worked ---- I had worked

　　you had worked ---- you had worked

　　he had worked ---- he had worked

　　she had worked ---- she had worked

　　it had worked ---- it had worked

　　we had worked ---- we had worked

　　they had worked ---- they had worked

　　(耶，全部都用 had ! )

　　2.4 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(Past Perfect Continuous):(右邊為虛擬語(yǔ)氣)

　　I had been working ---- I had been working

　　you had been working ---- you had been working

　　he had been working ---- he had been working

　　she had been working ---- she had been working

　　it had been working ---- it had been working

　　we had been working ---- we had been working

　　they had been working ---- they had been working

　　小升初英語(yǔ)巧學(xué)習(xí)，口訣匯總

　　be 的用法口訣

　　我用am，你用are，is連著他，她，它;

　　單數(shù)名詞用is，復(fù)數(shù)名詞全用are。

　　變疑問(wèn)，往前提，句末問(wèn)號(hào)莫丟棄。

　　變否定，更容易，be后not莫忘記。

　　疑問(wèn)否定任你變，句首大寫莫遲疑。

　　時(shí)間名詞前所用介詞的速記歌

　　年月周前要用in，日子前面卻不行。

　　遇到幾號(hào)要用on，上午下午又是in。

　　要說(shuō)某日上下午，用on換in才能行。

　　午夜黃昏須用at，黎明用它也不錯(cuò)。

　　at也用在明分前，說(shuō)“差”可要用上to，

　　說(shuō)“過(guò)”只可使用past，多說(shuō)多練牢牢記，

　　莫讓歲月空蹉跎。

　　記住f(e)結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)

　　妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷嚇得發(fā)了慌;

　　躲在架后保己命，半片樹葉遮目光。

　　巧記48個(gè)國(guó)際音標(biāo)

　　單元音共十二，四二六前中后。

　　雙元音也好背，合口集中八個(gè)整。

　　輔音共計(jì)二十八，八對(duì)一清又七濁，

　　四個(gè)連對(duì)也包括。有氣無(wú)聲清輔音，

　　有聲無(wú)氣濁輔音，發(fā)音特點(diǎn)應(yīng)掌握。

　　非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一些特殊用法后只接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的一些常用特殊謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

　　動(dòng)詞后，不定式，want, hope和wish，

　　agree, decide, mean, manage, promise,

　　expect, pretend,且說(shuō)兩位算在此，

　　要記牢，要記住，掌握它們靠自己。

　　后接動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)省略不定式符號(hào)“to”的一些常用特殊動(dòng)詞

　　一些動(dòng)詞要掌握，have, let和make,

　　此三動(dòng)詞是使役，“注意”“觀察”“聽到”see，

　　還有feel和watch，使用它們要仔細(xì)，

　　后接“賓補(bǔ)”略去“to”，此點(diǎn)千萬(wàn)要牢記

　　除此之外，還可以掌握“八字言”，

　　一感feel,二聽hear, listen to, 三讓have, let, make,四看see, look at, observe, watch

　　后只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的一些常用特殊動(dòng)詞

　　特殊動(dòng)詞接“動(dòng)名”，使用它們要記清，

　　“放棄”“享受”可“后悔”，

　　“堅(jiān)持”“練習(xí)”必“完成”，

　　“延期”“避免”非“介意”

　　掌握它們今必行。

　　動(dòng)名詞在句中的功能及其它

　　“動(dòng)名”語(yǔ)法其功能，名詞特征有動(dòng)、形，主賓表定都可作，“動(dòng)名”、“現(xiàn)分”要認(rèn)清，“現(xiàn)分”不作“賓”和“主”，

　　動(dòng)名作“狀”可不行。二詞皆可作定語(yǔ)，混為一談不允許，主謂關(guān)系視分詞，“動(dòng)名”一詞無(wú)此義。

　　現(xiàn)在分詞形式及在句子中的作用(包括過(guò)去分詞的作用)：

　　現(xiàn)在分詞真好記，動(dòng)詞后面ING。它的作用真不小，可以充當(dāng)定狀表。

　　還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，忘記此項(xiàng)不可以。

　　分詞做定語(yǔ)的位置及其它

　　“定分”位置有二條，詞前詞后定分曉。

　　單個(gè)分詞在詞前，有時(shí)此規(guī)有顛倒。

　　分詞短語(yǔ)在詞后，“定從”和它互對(duì)照。

　　“現(xiàn)分”動(dòng)作進(jìn)行時(shí)，“過(guò)分”動(dòng)作完成了。

　　(注：“定分”：做定語(yǔ)的分詞;“定從”：定語(yǔ)從句;“現(xiàn)分”：現(xiàn)在分詞;“過(guò)分”：過(guò)去分詞。)

　　分詞做狀語(yǔ)在句子中所表示的意義

　　分詞做狀語(yǔ)，概有七意義。“

　　時(shí)間”和“原因”，“結(jié)果”與“目的”。

　　“方式”加“伴隨”，“條件”常出席。

　　且談其主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)頭前的*。

　　欲要記住它，必須常練習(xí)。(*指句子的主語(yǔ))