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英語閱讀細(xì)節(jié)類:文章的五大類型與經(jīng)典長難句

時(shí)間: 惠敏21219 分享

  細(xì)節(jié)題是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論,題干針對原文具體敘述本身發(fā)問。一般包括直接理解題、語義轉(zhuǎn)化題)、數(shù)字計(jì)算題、排列順序題、圖表圖畫題等。以下是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為大家編輯的英語學(xué)習(xí)方法文章,僅供考生參考,歡迎大家閱讀!

  分析經(jīng)典長難句攻克高考英語閱讀

  1.For example, adolescent boys are morelikelyto buy computer games than any

  other group, so it makes sense to make computer game adsthatappeal to this group.

  【句式翻譯】例如,進(jìn)入青春期的男孩子就可能比任何其他人群更愿意購買電腦游戲,因此,針對這個(gè)目標(biāo)群體制作有吸引力的電腦游戲廣告是有意義

  【句式分析】本句是一個(gè)含有so引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句的復(fù)合句,同時(shí)又含有一個(gè)than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】1)likely adj. 可能的;常用于句型:sb/sth be likely to do= it islikely that 可能做

  Hes very likely tosend me an email tonight.
  英語閱讀細(xì)節(jié)類文章的五大類型

  盡管近幾年高考英語閱讀試題中推斷題呈不斷上升的趨勢,但細(xì)節(jié)題仍然占有較大比例,而且已由過去簡單的對號入座直接答題轉(zhuǎn)向通過語句的同義或反義轉(zhuǎn)換來考查同學(xué)們對英語語言的理解能力,因此難度比往年有所增加。

  一、題型特點(diǎn)與命題方式

  所謂細(xì)節(jié)題,是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論,題干針對原文具體敘述本身發(fā)問。一般包括直接理解題(在原文中可直接找到答案,常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提問。)語義轉(zhuǎn)化題(需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換,兩者存在表達(dá)上的差異,有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行加工或整理后方能得出結(jié)論)、數(shù)字計(jì)算題、排列順序題、圖表圖畫題等。抓住文段中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)是做好該題型的關(guān)鍵,也是做好其它類型問題的基礎(chǔ)。這類題型的題干常為:

  When / Where did the story happen?

  Which of the following statements is (not) correct?

  Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?

  Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

  All the statements are true except

  該題型幾乎都可以在文章中直接找到與答案有關(guān)的信息,或是其變體。所以,搜查信息在閱讀中非常重要,它包括理解作者在敘述某事時(shí)使用的具體事實(shí)、數(shù)據(jù)、圖表等細(xì)節(jié)信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都屬于這類圍繞主體展開的細(xì)節(jié)。做這類題一般采用尋讀法,即先讀題,然后帶著問題快速閱讀短文,找出與問題有關(guān)的詞語或句子,再對相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行分析對比,找出答案。

  二、解題思路與應(yīng)試技巧

  細(xì)節(jié)題是針對文中某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)、某句話或某部分具體內(nèi)容設(shè)置問題,正確答案的根據(jù)一定可以在原文中找到,即原文的改寫往往成為正確選項(xiàng)。

  通常細(xì)節(jié)題的正確選項(xiàng)有以下特征:

  1、對原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行替換。把原文中的一些詞換成意義相近的詞,成為正確選項(xiàng)。

  2、詞性或者語態(tài)的變化。把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性,或者改變原文句子的語態(tài),給考生制造障礙。

  3、語言簡化。把原文中的復(fù)雜語言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡化,成為正確答案。

  4、正話反說。把原文中的意思反過來表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)(適用于尋找錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的題目)。

  干擾項(xiàng)也是以文章中的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)題,若不仔細(xì)辨別,很容易把它當(dāng)成正確選項(xiàng)。干擾項(xiàng)有以下特征:

  1、將原文內(nèi)容擴(kuò)大或縮小。把原文中的限定詞去掉或替換,使該選項(xiàng)看似正確,實(shí)際上卻是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。

  2、把未然當(dāng)已然。改變文中某句話的時(shí)態(tài),如把將來時(shí)變成現(xiàn)在時(shí),把未發(fā)生的事情當(dāng)成已發(fā)生的事情。

  3、無中生有。即選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容是根據(jù)主觀想象或推測得出的結(jié)論,而文中并未涉及。

  4、偷換概念。把原來做該事的張三換成李四,所述細(xì)節(jié)確實(shí)與原文一致,一不小心就會誤選。

  5、文不對題。這類題最不容易辨別,選項(xiàng)中的描述與原文完全一致,確屬原文中的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié),這時(shí)要回到題干,看該選項(xiàng)是否能回答題干所提的問題。

  下面結(jié)合最新高考試題,對細(xì)節(jié)題的不同類型加以解讀。

  1、直接信息題

  對此類題型,考生可以首先從問題中找到關(guān)鍵詞,然后以此為線索,運(yùn)用略讀及查閱的技巧在文中迅速尋找這一細(xì)節(jié),找到后再把這一部分內(nèi)容仔細(xì)閱讀一遍,仔細(xì)比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微區(qū)別,在準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)的前提下,最后確定最佳答案。

  【考例】

  (2009湖南卷,B篇)61. How long does it take the battery to charge up an iPhone?

  A. 15 minutes. B. 30 minutes. C. 1.5 hours. D. 3 hours.

  【解析】A。直接信息題。快速查找題干中的關(guān)鍵詞How long,charge up,iPhone,由第一段第一句Just plug RichardSolo 1800 into your iPhone once or twice a day, for fifteen minutes, and keep your iPhone charged up.可以得出答案為A。

  (2009陜西卷,B篇)46. Edmonds entered the world of politics first as ________.

  A. news secretary for a congressman

  B. a speechwriter for President Clinton

  C. news secretary in the White House

  D. a speechwriter for Secretary Donna Shalala

  【解析】A。直接信息題??焖俨檎翌}干中的關(guān)鍵詞the world of politics,在第三段第二句話找到相關(guān)信息:He joined the world of politics as news secretary for his congressman (國會議員) from Baltimore During Bill Clintons presidency因此答案為A。

  2、間接信息題

  做這類題目時(shí),考生需要對原文信息進(jìn)行加工處理,然后再進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的推理或鑒別,這是介于事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題和推理判斷題之間的一種題型,對考生來說有一定難度。

  【考例】

  (2009山東卷,A篇)57. Which of the following is true of the Hatches?

  A. They had their children during the Great Depression.

  B. They left the family farm to live in an old house.

  C. They gave away their possessions to their neighbors.

  D. They helped their neighbors to find jobs.

  【解析】C。間接信息題。第四段第一句話說Hatch夫婦是在大蕭條時(shí)期出生的(Children of the Great Depression, Ish and Arlene were known for their habit of saving.),而不是他們在大蕭條時(shí)期有了孩子,排除A;第三段提到他們的老房子位于他們家的農(nóng)場里,B錯(cuò)誤;第二段提到他們幫助有困難的鄰居們,但未提及幫助他們找工作,D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。C項(xiàng)說Hatch夫婦把他們的錢全都贈(zèng)給了他們的鄰居們,符合文意。

  3、數(shù)字計(jì)算題

  數(shù)字計(jì)算題也是近幾年高考中??嫉膬?nèi)容,此類試題是在文章中直接表現(xiàn)出來細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí),有的要經(jīng)過具體的計(jì)算才能夠得出正確的答案。具體的計(jì)算題可以是對年代的計(jì)算、月份的計(jì)算或比例的計(jì)算等。文章中經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)許多數(shù)字,它們對解題產(chǎn)生一定的影響。解答此類試題的方法是先來理解文章的大意,然后經(jīng)過對比、分析、計(jì)算等就能夠得出正確的答案。

  【考例】

  (2009福建卷,B篇)61. The foreign drivers who break the traffic law and do not pay on the spot are likely to be fined up to _______.

  A.£60 B.£300 C.£900 D.£980

  【解析】D。依據(jù)文章第一段可知,這種罰款可高達(dá)900英鎊(Foreign drivers will have to pay on-the-spot fines of up to£900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried out next month.),再依據(jù)第二段If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card, their vehicles will be clamped(扣留)until they pay and they will face an additional fee of£80 for getting back their vehicles.可知本題選D,即當(dāng)場不能交罰款的外國司機(jī)罰款的費(fèi)用是900+ 80=980英鎊。

  4、排列順序題

  這種試題要求考生根據(jù)事件發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,找出事件發(fā)生的正確順序。做這種題時(shí)可采用首尾定位法,即最先找出第一個(gè)事件和最后一個(gè)事件,迅速縮小選擇范圍,從而快速選出正確答案。

  【考例】

  (2009湖北卷,D篇)64. Which order of steps is followed in carrying out the project?

  A. Assessment Prototype Design Construction.

  B. Assessment Design Prototype Construction.

  C. Design Assessment Prototype Construction.

  D. Design Prototype Assessment Construction.

  【解析】D。請看文章第二段:

  Gerner manages school facilities(設(shè)施) for Clark County, Nevada, a district roughly the size of Massachusetts. By 2018, 143,000 additional students will enter the already crowded public-education system. Gerner needs 73 new schools to house them. Four architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary school prototypes(樣品); they plan to construct their schools starting in 2009. The district will then assess how well the schools perform, and three winners will copy those designs in 50 to 70 new buildings.

  根據(jù)第二段的描述,工程的實(shí)施應(yīng)按照設(shè)計(jì)提供樣品評估建設(shè)的程序。其它程序都不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的建筑要求。

  (2008福建卷,A篇)59. Whats the right order of the events related to Tanni?

  a. She works as a coach.

  b. She took up athletics.

  c. She won four gold medals in Barcelona.

  d. She competed in her first Paralympic Games.

  e. She achieved a victory in her first London Wheelchair Marathon.

  A. b, d, c, e, a B. a, d, b, c, e

  C. a, d, c, e, b D. b, d, a, e, c

  【解析】A。排列順序題。本題要求判斷各個(gè)事件的先后順序。觀察文章的2~6段,注意幾個(gè)表示時(shí)間的詞(組):1984,1988,1992,in the same year,2007,可幫助考生迅速找到答案。

  5、圖表圖畫題

  在有圖表圖畫的閱讀理解中,有的圖表圖畫出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解文章中,有的出現(xiàn)在選項(xiàng)中,這些圖片的出現(xiàn)增加了試題的直觀性,同時(shí)也暗含著和文章內(nèi)容相關(guān)的信息。在解答此類試題的時(shí)候,一定要把握圖表圖畫中所暗含的信息,特別是有些事實(shí)是通過圖片來敘述的,我們可以采用按圖尋找正確答案的方法。

  【考例】

  (2009安徽卷,D篇)71. The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008, ________.

  A. the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 points

  B. the percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchanged

  C. the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decrease

  D. the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase

  【解析】D。請看原文中的柱形圖:

  由柱形圖可以清楚地看出,擁有電腦的亞洲家庭的數(shù)量急劇增加,其他三項(xiàng)表述都與圖表不符,故D項(xiàng)正確。

  (2007江蘇卷,C篇)65. The package fee does NOT cover the cost of _______.

  【解析】A。所給的四幅圖畫分別代表了住宿、交通、游覽和餐飲。根據(jù)文章中All Fees Included. No Hidden Cost.可知這次游覽的費(fèi)用都包含在Package Fee里面,沒有其它暗含的費(fèi)用。但是由于這是一個(gè)總共5.7小時(shí)的游覽,下午乘飛機(jī)返回還不耽誤吃晚飯和看日落(in time for dinner and sunset)可知是不需要住宿的,因此住宿的費(fèi)用不包含在整個(gè)費(fèi)用之內(nèi)。

  =Its very likely thathellsend me an email tonight.

  很可能他今晚會給我發(fā)電子郵件。

  The company is likely to set up a branch in our city. =Its likely thatthe company will set up a branch in our city.

  這個(gè)公司可能要在我們的城市建立分公司。

  2) make sense 有意義;講得通;make sense of 理解

  I cant follow these instructions -- they dontmake sense.

  我不理解這些指示--根本講不通嘛。

  We read the sentence through, but could notmake sense ofit.

  我們我們把句子看了一遍, 但不明白它說些什么。

  3) appeal to吸引;appeal to sb. for sth/appeal to sb. to do sth 呼吁某人干某事;求助于

  Blue and red appeal to me, but I dont like gray or yellow.

  我喜歡藍(lán)色和紅色, 而不喜歡灰色或黃色。

  Jack sincerelyappealedtohis friends to support him.

  杰克真切地向朋友請求支持。

  We canappealtothe website for the information we need.

  我們可以在網(wǎng)上查找我們需要的信息。

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】本句中的than any other,意為比其他任何一個(gè),所談?wù)摰膶ο笤诒容^的范圍之內(nèi);若不在范圍之內(nèi),則不用 other。如:

  China islargerthan any other countryin Asia.

  中國比亞洲任何別的國家都大。

  China islargerthan any countryin Africa.

  中國比非洲的任何國家都大。

  2.The moreexposedyoung peopleare to financial issues, and the younger they become aware of them, themore likely they are to become responsible, forward-planning adults whomanagetheir finances confidently andeffectively.

  【句式翻譯】年輕人越接觸經(jīng)濟(jì)問題,他們就能越早地了解這些問題,他們就更有可能成為有責(zé)任感的、早作打算的成年人,能夠有信心地、有效地管理自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。

  【句式分析】本句含有the+比較級,the+比較級的句式,同時(shí)又含有一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句,修飾先行詞adults。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】1) expose vt.揭露;使暴露;be exposed to暴露于;接觸

  We mustexposethisshameful activity to the newspapers.

  我們一定要向報(bào)社揭露這一無恥行徑。

  We should allow children tobeexposed tonew ideas.

  我們應(yīng)當(dāng)讓孩子們接觸新思想。

  2)manage v.應(yīng)付,設(shè)法對付;管理;能解決;manage to do設(shè)法做成

  We need people who are good atmanaging.

  我們需要擅長管理的人。

  Hemanaged tosend thetourists to the airport in time.

  他設(shè)法把游客及時(shí)送到機(jī)場。

  Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water if they are notmanagedcarefully.

  如果掌控小帆船不夠小心,它們在水中就容易翻。

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】the+比較級,the+比較級,表示越越。如:

  The morewe get together,thehappierwell be.

  我們越是多聚會, 我們越快樂。

  The longershe worked at it,the moreenthusiasticshe became.

  她越干越來勁。

  3.She found that kids praised fortrying hard did better on testes and were more likely totake ondifficult assignments than those praised for beingsmart.

  【句式翻譯】她發(fā)現(xiàn)因?yàn)榕Ρ槐頁P(yáng)的孩子比因?yàn)槁斆鞅槐頁P(yáng)的孩子在考試中表現(xiàn)得更好,更愿意承擔(dān)困難的任務(wù)。

  【句式分析】本句含有一個(gè)than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】take on 承擔(dān);呈現(xiàn)

  He is always ready totake onheavy responsibilities.

  他一向樂于挑重?fù)?dān)。

  The chameleon cantake on the colourof its background.

  變色龍可呈現(xiàn)出與其背景相同的顏色。

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】當(dāng)我們要對兩個(gè)人或物進(jìn)行比較時(shí),就采用比較級,比較級的構(gòu)成:形容詞或副詞的比較級+than+比較成分,意思是:更些或較。Deeds arebetter thanwords when people are inneed of help.

  當(dāng)別人需要幫助時(shí),行動(dòng)勝于語言。

  In a word, practice isfarmore important thanbook knowledge.

  一句話,實(shí)踐遠(yuǎn)比書本知識重要。

  4.Perhaps more importantly, the better you are atmanaging the time youdevoteto yourstudies, the more time you will have tospend onyour outside interests.

  【句式翻譯】也許更重要的是,你越善于管理你的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間,你就會有更多的時(shí)間用在你課外的興趣上。

  【句式分析】本句含有the+比較級,the+比較級的句式,同時(shí)含有兩個(gè)非限制性定語從句,分別修飾先行詞the time和the more time。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】1)devote vt.獻(xiàn)身;專心于;常接time/money/energy/life/oneself作賓語,構(gòu)成短語be devoted to=devote oneself to獻(xiàn)身于,致力于;to為介詞,后面接名詞、代詞或者動(dòng)名詞。

  Lang Langdevoted a lot oftime to playingthe piano even when he was a little child. 郎朗小時(shí)候就把很多時(shí)間都用來彈鋼琴。

  After her marriage, the singer couldntdevote herself totally toher music. 結(jié)婚之后這個(gè)歌手無法全力傾注于音樂。

  2)spendsome money/ time on sth=spend some money/time (in) doing sth表示花費(fèi)(時(shí)間、金錢等)做某事,其中的介詞in可以省略。

  Every day, most of the students in this schoolspend three hours ontheir homework. 這所學(xué)校大多數(shù)學(xué)生每天花三個(gè)小時(shí)做家庭作業(yè)。

  It is bad for children tospend a lot of time playingcomputer games. 用很多時(shí)間玩電腦游戲?qū)⒆邮怯泻Φ摹?/p>

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】the+比較級,the+比較級,表示越越,具體用法第2句。

  5.He worked there through his school and university yearsuntil 1942, a year after he hadgaineda Masters degree at university in chemistry.

  【句式翻譯】他讀中學(xué)和大學(xué)的那段時(shí)間都在那里工作,一直到1942年,也就是他在大學(xué)里獲得化學(xué)碩士學(xué)位后的那一年。

  【句式分析】本句含有一個(gè)after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句,從句中運(yùn)用了過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】gain vt.(經(jīng)過努力)獲得,取得

  Wegainknowledge by practicingagain and again.

  我們從反復(fù)訓(xùn)練中獲取知識。

  They realized that passing the exam was no longer enough togaina place at university.

  他們認(rèn)識到僅僅通過這個(gè)考試,并不能確保在大學(xué)獲得一席之位。

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成:had done,表示過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。它表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是過去的過去。表示過去某一時(shí)間可用by, before, after等構(gòu)成的短語,也可用when, before等引導(dǎo)的從句或通過上下文表示。如:

  His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the gift hehad long expected.

  當(dāng)她終于收到她盼望已久的禮物時(shí),她興奮得兩眼閃光。

  By the time he was twelve, Edisonhad begunto make a living byhimself.

  12歲時(shí),愛迪生就開始自己謀生。

  6. By the end of the century, we will have discoveredother places in our solar systemsuitablefor living and we will have discovered ways to go further into space.【句式翻譯】到本世紀(jì)末,我們將會在太陽系中發(fā)現(xiàn)其他適合人類居住的星球,并將發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行更遠(yuǎn)空間探索的方法。

  【句式分析】本句是由并列連詞and連接的復(fù)合句,句中運(yùn)用了將來完成時(shí)態(tài)。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】suitable adj.合適的,適當(dāng)?shù)?構(gòu)成短語:be suitable for適合

  They dont think this article issuitablefor publication.

  他們認(rèn)為這篇文章不宜發(fā)表。

  John wanted to change over to a moresuitablejob.

  約翰想換一個(gè)更加適合的工作。

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】將來完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成:will/shall have done,表示到將來某一時(shí)間為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。常與by + 將來時(shí)間,before+將來時(shí)間和by the time 引導(dǎo)的表示將來時(shí)間的從句連用。如:

  Hewill have finishedwritinghis novel by the end of next year.

  到明年年底他就會寫完他的小說了。

  When we get there,shell have gonetowork.

  我們到那里時(shí)她會已上班去了。

  7. In todays world, winners arecelebratedand treated as heroes, but if doping and gene-therapycontinue toaffectthe outcomes ofmajor sporting events, the word hero will have lost all meaning.

  【句式翻譯】在當(dāng)今世界,人們祝賀獲勝者,并把他們看作英雄,但如果服用興奮劑和基因治療繼續(xù)影響著主要體育項(xiàng)目的成績的話,英雄就失去了它的全部意義。

  【句式分析】本句是由并列連詞but連接的復(fù)合句,第二個(gè)分句運(yùn)用了將來完成時(shí),同時(shí),包含有一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】1) celebrate vt.慶祝

  The whole citycelebratedthe New Year with fireworks.

  全城放焰火來慶祝新年。

  2) affect vt.影響,感動(dòng)

  I told him firmly that his opinion will notaffectmy decision.

  我堅(jiān)定的告訴他,他的觀點(diǎn)不會影響我的決定。

  The audience present was deeplyaffectedby his speech.

  在場的聽眾都被他的演講深深地打動(dòng)了。

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】將來完成時(shí), 具體用法第6句。

  8.One of the earliest epidemics on record happened about500-550 AD when the Roman emperor at the time wasattemptingto rebuild the Roman Empire.

  【句式翻譯】歷史上有記載的最早的傳染病之一發(fā)生在公元500-550年,當(dāng)時(shí)的羅馬皇帝正在試圖重建羅馬帝國。

  【句式分析】本句包含一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句,從句中運(yùn)用了過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】attempt v. n.嘗試,試圖

  William attempted to find the solution to the problem.

  威廉試圖找到問題的解決辦法。

  He was nearly drowned in the attempt to swim across.

  他在試圖游到對岸去時(shí)差一點(diǎn)被淹死。

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成:was/were doing,表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常用的時(shí)間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。如:

  What was he writing all day last Sunday?

  上周日他一整天都在寫什么?

  My brother fell while hewas ridinghis bicycle and hurt himself.

  我哥哥騎自行車的時(shí)候從車上摔下來受傷了。

  9. The last few years have seen environmentaldisasterson a grand scale, andexperts are predicting far worse to come.

  【句式翻譯】最近的幾年里,人們見證了大規(guī)模的環(huán)境災(zāi)難,專家們預(yù)測更為嚴(yán)重的災(zāi)難即將發(fā)生。

  【句式分析】本句是由并列連詞and連接的復(fù)合句,第一個(gè)分句運(yùn)用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】on a grand scale大規(guī)模地,大張旗鼓地

  We should popularize scienceona grand scale.

  我們應(yīng)該大規(guī)模普及科學(xué)。

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成:has/have done,常表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在有影響,也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常用的時(shí)間狀語:for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語及before, until now, up till now,so far, up to the moment, in the last few years等。如:

  Wehave bookeda roomfor today and tomorrow.

  我們已經(jīng)預(yù)訂了今天和明天的房間。

  The househas been emptyfor ages.

  這幢房子已經(jīng)空了相當(dāng)長時(shí)間了。(現(xiàn)在仍空著)

  10. In the last few decades, scientists havereachedconsensusand reported that human beings are causing changes inthe Earths climate -- something previously seen asbeyondour control.

  【句式翻譯】最近幾十年,科學(xué)家們達(dá)成共識并報(bào)道說,人類正在引起地球的氣候變化而這在以前看來是我們不能控制的。

  【句式分析】本句是復(fù)合句,含有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,主句中運(yùn)用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】1) reach (a) consensus 達(dá)成共識,達(dá)成一致意見

  It is very difficult for them toreach a consensuson this issue.

  他們在這個(gè)問題上很難取得一致意見。

  2) beyond prep. 超過;越過;在較遠(yuǎn)的一邊

  The delay was caused by heavy weather and wasbeyond our control.

  延遲是由惡劣天氣造成的,我們無法控制。

  The beauty of the scene wasbeyond compare.

  景色之美無與倫比。

  Linda always wondered what wasbeyond the horizon.

  琳達(dá)總是納悶著地平線的那一邊是什么。

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),具體用法第10句。

  11. Treatments for jellyfish stings and snakebites havealso beendevelopedand in thelast five years there have been only three deaths from jellyfish stings andabout the same number from snakebites.

  【句式翻譯】治療水母刺傷和毒蛇咬傷方法也已經(jīng)研制成功,在過去的五年里只有三人死于水母刺傷,這與被蛇咬傷致死的人數(shù)大體相同。

  【句式分析】本句是由并列連詞and連接的復(fù)合句,第一個(gè)分句運(yùn)用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】develop v.開發(fā),發(fā)展,研制(新產(chǎn)品)

  Over the last few years tourism here hasdevelopedconsiderably.

  在過去幾年里,這里的旅游業(yè)獲得了相當(dāng)大的發(fā)展。

  The two companies have teamed up todevelopa new racing car.

  那兩個(gè)公司已合作研制新型賽車。

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)就是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)的疊合,即:has/havebeen done,表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在有影響或持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。常用的時(shí)間狀語:for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語及before, until now, up till now,so far, up to the moment, in the last few years等。如:

  The office looks nice. Ithas just been cleaned.

  辦公室看起來很干凈。它剛被打掃過。

  The machinehas been repairedfor two hours.

  這臺機(jī)器已修了兩小時(shí)了。

  12. Adverts are not only made and paid for bybusiness, but also by individuals, organizations and associations that wish toinformor educate the public. 廣告不僅【句式翻譯】廣告可由商家付費(fèi)制作,也可以由想給公眾傳達(dá)某種信息或教育公眾的個(gè)人、組織或協(xié)會來出資制作。

  【句式分析】本句是由并列連詞not onlybut also連接的復(fù)合句,第一個(gè)分句運(yùn)用了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】inform vt.通知,告知;構(gòu)成短語:inform sb of sth通知某人某事

  I shallinform yousoonofthe date of my arrival.

  我將把我到達(dá)的日期通知你。

  I regret toinform you thatI am unable to help you.

  我遺憾地告訴你我沒法幫助你。

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成:is/are done。表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,并且主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

  A lot of foodis wastedeveryyear.

  每年浪費(fèi)掉很多食物。

  Millions of tons of waste and poisonous gasesare sent intothe air with the smoke. 數(shù)百萬噸的廢氣和毒氣隨著煙塵散發(fā)到空中。

  13. Margaret,marriedwith two small children, has been working for the last seven years as anight cleaner, cleaning offices in a big building.

  【句式翻譯】瑪格麗特,已婚,帶著兩個(gè)孩子,七年來一直在做清潔工,晚上給一座大樓里的辦公室打掃衛(wèi)生。

  【句式分析】本句是簡單句,運(yùn)用了現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),包含有兩個(gè)非謂語短語,marriedwith在句中作后置定語,cleaning offices作伴隨狀語。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】marry v. (使)結(jié)婚;嫁;娶

  Because of her beauty, she has managed tomarryabove her.

  由于貌美,她得以嫁給一個(gè)地位比她高的人。

  Im sure Jack was sincere when he said he wanted tomarry you.

  我相信杰克說想娶你是真心的。

  Theygot married toeachother against their parents wishes.

  他倆的結(jié)合違背了各自父母的愿望。

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成:has/have been doing。表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始,延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且還有可能持續(xù)下去。如:

  Youhave been sittingin front of that computer too long.

  你在電腦前坐的時(shí)間太長了。

  No wonder he is so tired. Hehas been workingall day.

  難怪他這么累,他工作一天了。

  14.Ever since they were first put on the market in theearly 1990s, genetically modified (GM 轉(zhuǎn)基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed inmany countries in the world, mainly on thebasisof their promise to end the worldwide food crisis.

  【句式翻譯】自從二十世紀(jì)九十年代早期首次投入市場以來,轉(zhuǎn)基因食物就不斷地在很多國家開發(fā)和銷售,主要是基于想要結(jié)束世界糧食危機(jī)。

  【句式分析】本句是一個(gè)含有since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的復(fù)合句,have been developed and marketed是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】basis n. 基礎(chǔ);構(gòu)成短語:on the basis of 以為基礎(chǔ)

  Dont evaluate a persononthe basis ofappearance.

  不要以相貌取人。

  Mr. Smith goes to the gymona regular basis.

  史密斯先生定期去健身房。

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài),具體用法第11句。

  15.At nine oclock on Saturday morning, Ill be sitting in the front rowandlistening tothe great professorWillard talking about the future of my brain.

  【句式翻譯】星期六上午九點(diǎn)鐘,我將會坐在前排,聆聽偉大的威拉德教授談?wù)摯竽X的未來發(fā)展。

  【句式分析】本句是簡單句,運(yùn)用了將來進(jìn)行時(shí),含有一個(gè)復(fù)合賓語的結(jié)構(gòu),talkingabout在句中作賓補(bǔ)。

  【詞語點(diǎn)撥】listen vi. 聽(后面常接介詞to)

  Whatever you said, he simply wouldntlisten.

  你怎么說他也不聽.

  Were going tolisten toareport this afternoon.

  今天下午我們要去聽報(bào)告。

  【語法點(diǎn)撥】將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成:will be doing,表示將來某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,或表示要在將來某一時(shí)間開始,并繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,常用來表示禮貌的詢問、請求等。如:

  The ministerwill be givinga speech on international affairs.

  部長將就國際事務(wù)發(fā)表演講。

  Please dont call me between 8:00 and 10:00 tomorrow. Ill be havingmy classes then.

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