用英語說中國夏朝
用英語說中國夏朝
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用英語說中國夏朝：General 概況
The first prehistoric dynasty is said to be Xia, from about the twenty-first to the sixteenth century B.C.
第一個(gè)史前朝代應(yīng)該是夏朝，從公元前21世紀(jì)至公元前16世紀(jì)。
Until scientific excavations were made at early bronze-age sites at Anyang, Henan Province, in 1928,
在1928年對河南省安陽的青銅時(shí)代早期遺址進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)挖掘以前，
it was difficult to separate myth from reality in regard to the Xia.
將關(guān)于夏朝的傳說同現(xiàn)實(shí)區(qū)分開是困難的。
But since then, and especially in the 1960s and 1970s,
但是從那時(shí)起，尤其是在20世紀(jì)60年代和70年代，
archaeologists have uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs that point to the existence of Xia civilization in the same locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts.
考古學(xué)家們開掘出了位于與古代中國歷史文章中提到的相同位置的城區(qū)、青銅器以及墓穴，而這些都表明了夏王朝的存在。
At minimum, the Xia period marked an evolutionary stage between the late Neolithic cultures and the typical Chinese urban civilization of the Shang dynasty.
至少，夏朝標(biāo)志著新石器文化末期與商朝典型的中國城市文明之間進(jìn)化的階段。
用英語說中國夏朝：Archaeological Records 原始記載
Unlike the later Shang dynasty, no direct archeological evidence exists to confirm the existence of a Xia dynasty.
與之后的商朝不同，沒有直接的考古學(xué)證據(jù)存在來證明夏朝的存在。
Archaeologists have uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs that point to the possible existence of the Xia dynasty at locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts.
考古學(xué)家們開掘出了位于與古代中國歷史文章中提到的相同位置的城區(qū)、青銅器以及墓穴，而這些都表明了夏王朝的存在。
Most Chinese archaeologists identify the Erlitou culture as the site of the Xia dynasty,
大部分中國的考古學(xué)家把二里頭文化視為夏朝的遺址，
while most Western archaeologists remain unconvinced of the connection between the Erlitou culture and the Xia Dynasty.
而大多數(shù)西方考古學(xué)家對于二里頭文化和夏朝之間的聯(lián)系仍不確定。
In 1959, a site located in the city of Yanshi was excavated containing large palaces that some Chinese archaeologists have attributed as capital of the Xia Dynasty,
1959年，偃師市的一個(gè)遺址被開掘，其中包含了大型的宮殿，中國的考古學(xué)家認(rèn)為這是夏朝的都城，
though Western archaeologists are reluctant to make this claim on the grounds that no written records exist to confirm the name of the dynasty and its sovereigns.
而西方的考古學(xué)家對于這個(gè)論斷很猶豫因?yàn)闆]有書面的記錄存在來表明這個(gè)朝代的名稱和它的君主。
Radiocarbon dating places the site at about 2100 to 1800 BC, providing physical evidence of the existence of a state contemporaneous with and possibly equivalent to the Xia Dynasty as described in Chinese historical works.
放射性炭測定此遺址的年代在公元前2100年至1800年之間，這為一個(gè)與夏朝處于同年代的甚至于就是中國歷史著作中提到的夏朝的存在提供了物證。
At a minimum, the archeological discoveries marked an evolutionary stage between the late Neolithic cultures and the typical Chinese urban civilization of the Shang dynasty.
至少，考古學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn)標(biāo)志著一個(gè)處于新石器文化末期與商朝典型的中國城市文明之間進(jìn)化的階段。
Agricultural technology improved drastically with the invention of wine making and improvements in horse herding, and carriages were used.
伴隨著紅酒制造的發(fā)明，牧馬的進(jìn)步以及四輪馬車的運(yùn)用，農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展。
用英語說中國夏朝：Yu the Great 大禹
Yu the Great is still remembered and respected as the ruler who got the Yellow River back under control.
大禹因是使黃河流域再度得到控制的君主而仍被銘記與尊敬。
He lived about four thousand years ago. At that time， people suffered from a big flood of the Yellow River King Shun,
他大約生活在4000年前。那個(gè)時(shí)候，人民遭受著君主舜時(shí)期的一場大洪水。
the ruler before Yu, initially assigned Yu's father Gun to handle the problem.
舜是大禹之前的統(tǒng)治者，他一開始指派禹的父親鯀去解決這個(gè)問題。
Gun tried out a method that consisted of blocking up the water wherever the flooding occurred.
鯀嘗試了一個(gè)方法，在洪水出沒的地方將水堵住。
Nine years later, the situation had become even worse with the river overflowing everywhere.
9年后，情況變得更糟，河水四溢。
King Shun was very angry about what Gun had done, and ended up dismissing Gun and appointing Yu.
君主舜對于鯀的所作所為非常生氣并最終棄用了鯀，任命了禹。
Yu learned techniques from his father and adopted a new way of dredging water channels and conducting the river to the sea.
禹從他的父親那里學(xué)到了技術(shù)并采用了疏通水道、引河入海的新方法。
He went into this project of water control with all his heart,
他全心全意進(jìn)行治水的工程。
and it was said that during this period of time, he passed by his house three times but never went inside.
據(jù)傳在治水期間，禹曾三過家門而不入。
It took him 13 years to tame the river.
征服河流花了他13年的時(shí)間。
The story of Yu's battle against the flood speaks of the fearless spirit of ancient people faced with natural disaster.
大禹治水的故事描述了古人們遇到自然在還是無所畏懼的精神。
King Shun was impressed by Yu's endeavors and passed his throne to Yu later on.
君主舜對禹的努力印象深刻，后來把自己的王位傳給了禹。
Yu the Great was the last legendary leader of the primitive society, in which the election of the leader followed the merit system.
大禹是遠(yuǎn)古社會最后一位傳說中的君主，那時(shí)君主的選拔唯才是用。
It was Qi, the son of Yu, who violated this practice.
禹的兒子啟違反了這個(gè)慣例。
He killed the person Yu the Great had appointed and succeeded his father’s power.
他殺掉了大禹任命的的人，承襲了他父親的權(quán)力。
Qi founded the Xia Dynasty (21st-16th century BC) and initiated the hereditary system of monarchy.
啟建立了夏朝(公元前21世紀(jì)至公元前16世紀(jì))并開啟了君主世襲制。
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