托福閱讀總結(jié)題
總結(jié)題是托福閱讀中的一種題型,那么大家找到好方法去解決它了嗎?小編給你分享一些吧。
托福閱讀總結(jié)題怎么做?
不知道各位同學(xué)在練習(xí)托福閱讀文章的時(shí)候有沒有遇到過(guò)以下情節(jié):
1.做到最后一題——總結(jié)題,瞅瞅時(shí)間18:30,瞬間心中涼半截;
2.憑印象選吧,6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中大概有5個(gè)都有印象;
3.排除細(xì)節(jié)吧,好像有4個(gè)以上都是講的具體的例子;
4.只好回頭看原文,再看題;
5.來(lái)回看;
6.石樂志。
有以上癥狀的同學(xué),我們先換個(gè)角度考慮總結(jié)題的難度。
除最后一題及部分多選,前面十三道題如果用排除法的話,需要從4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中排除3個(gè)選項(xiàng);相對(duì)的,總結(jié)題看似選擇3個(gè)正確選項(xiàng),實(shí)則也是排除法的套路排除3個(gè)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng),難度和前面的題目幾乎持平。
為什么要用排除法呢?
各位同學(xué)在練習(xí)TPO對(duì)答案的過(guò)程中肯定會(huì)有這樣的經(jīng)歷,就是正確選項(xiàng)其實(shí)也和我們期待的有所出入,選它只因?yàn)槠渌x項(xiàng)錯(cuò)的太明顯了。同理,在完成總結(jié)題的時(shí)候,一味的追求正確答案并比對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)信息的話,必然回到原文大篇幅閱讀,效率低下并錯(cuò)誤率高。所以,我們的思維模式一定要調(diào)整過(guò)來(lái)。
下面,藺老師介紹終極大招
“挖坑——填坑”兩部曲
挖坑指的是,我們迅速閱讀原文每段首尾句,總結(jié)段落大意并將文章除首(兩)段代表文章引入部分的正文部分劃分為3-4個(gè)極為簡(jiǎn)略的大概意思,這就是挖坑。
TPO3-2 Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer
我們快速閱讀每段話首尾句(共10句),可將除1-2段(大體介紹該蓄水層)之外的段落分為1. Ogallala帶來(lái)的好處;2. Ogallala遇到的問(wèn)題;3. 解決該問(wèn)題的數(shù)個(gè)方案。
以上三個(gè)大體文章意思的分類,就是我們挖好的坑。
填坑指的是,符合以上主題的選擇,我們保留,不符合的排除。
A.The use of the Ogallala for irrigation has allowed the High Plains to become one of the most productive agricultural regions in the United States.
A.選項(xiàng)符合“Ogallala帶來(lái)的好處”坑要求,保留。
B.Given the aquifer’s low recharge rate, its use for irrigation is causing water tables to drop and will eventually lead to its depletion.
B.選項(xiàng)符合“Ogallala遇到的問(wèn)題”坑要求,保留。
C.Releasing capillary water and introducing drought-resistant crops are less-promising solutions to the water supply crisis than bringing in river water.
C.選項(xiàng)不符合“解決該問(wèn)題的數(shù)個(gè)方案”,而是方案之間的對(duì)比,排除。
D.The periodic deepening of wells and the use of more-powerful pumps would help increase the natural recharge rate of the Ogallala.
D.選項(xiàng)不符合“解決該問(wèn)題的數(shù)個(gè)方案”,而是單獨(dú)的某一個(gè)解決方案,排除。
E.In Texas, a great deal of attention is being paid to genetic engineering because it is there that the most critical situation exists.
E.選項(xiàng)不符合“解決該問(wèn)題的數(shù)個(gè)方案”,而是單獨(dú)的某一個(gè)解決方案,排除。
F.Several solutions to the upcoming water supply crisis have been proposed, but none of them promises to keep the costs of irrigation low.
F.選項(xiàng)符合“解決該問(wèn)題的數(shù)個(gè)方案”,而是方案之間的對(duì)比,保留。
以上,我們沒有進(jìn)行任何的原文比對(duì),只做了“選項(xiàng)是否能夠填坑”的大致比較,且部分選項(xiàng)并不用全部讀完,如F選項(xiàng)讀到Several solutions表達(dá)的時(shí)候就已經(jīng)符合填坑條件。
少數(shù)遇到只能排除2個(gè)選項(xiàng)的情況,可將剩下4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中來(lái)自同一坑的2個(gè)選項(xiàng)帶入原段落進(jìn)行比對(duì),同樣避免了滿篇找詞的尷尬,工作量大大減少。
托福閱讀總結(jié)題解題方法
解決這類考題的方法:
一、清楚文章的論證類型
總分型一般容易出這類考題。我以中文為例,麗麗老師是一個(gè)非常好的人。首先,她很樂于助人例如一次我看見她扶一個(gè)盲人過(guò)馬路,其次麗麗老師很慷慨,有一次我看見她為希望工程捐了她當(dāng)時(shí)兜里的全部錢(50元),第三麗麗很謙虛和平易近人。
這樣的文章特別容易出總結(jié)題
Lily is a nice person
1
3
5
1、 麗麗樂于助人
2、 麗麗扶一個(gè)盲人過(guò)馬路
3、 麗麗老師很慷慨,
4、 老余捐了100元
5、 麗麗很謙虛和平易近人
6、 麗麗經(jīng)常打架
正確答案應(yīng)該是 1、3、5
二、解決方法:
一)主體詞排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)法
首先抓住要總結(jié)的關(guān)鍵詞也就是主體詞,就是要問(wèn)哪方向的內(nèi)容,如上個(gè)例子,主體題麗麗一定會(huì)在正確答案中出現(xiàn),不然問(wèn)的是麗麗可以答案談?wù)摰氖莿e人,就變得完全不相關(guān)了,根據(jù)這個(gè)特點(diǎn)我們可以排除 4老余捐了100元
如OG上的一道總結(jié)題可以直接使用主體詞排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的方法
The technology of modern cinema evolved at the end of the nineteenth century.
3
5
6
1、 Kinetoscope parlors or viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors
2、 Thomas Edison‘s design of the Kinetoscope inspired the development of large screen projection.
3、 Early cinema allowed individuals to use special machines to view films privately.
4、 Slides-and-lantern shows had been presented.
5、 The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen
6、 once films images could be projected, the cinema became a form of mass consumption
其中只有三個(gè)選項(xiàng)有本問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵詞,本問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵詞是 the technology of cinema.
二)細(xì)節(jié)信息排除法
總結(jié)題是對(duì)對(duì)文章的高度概括所以細(xì)節(jié)的出現(xiàn)犯了以偏概全的錯(cuò)誤,如中文例子中的2、麗麗扶一個(gè)盲人過(guò)馬路。 這是一個(gè)具體的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié),我們要繞過(guò)例子看總結(jié)。所以在排除它。
如OG中的一道題目
This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales, porpoises and dolphins
1
2
5
Answer choices
1、 Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show he link between land mammals and cetaceans(這是本文的主題)
2、The discovery of Ambulocetus natans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.(總結(jié)性信息)
3、The skeleton of Basilosaurus are found in what had been the Tehys Sea, an area rich in fossil evidence. (絕對(duì)的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié))-排除
4 、Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found((絕對(duì)的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié))-排除
5、Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found……(主題)
6、Ambulocetus‘hind legs were used for propulsion in the water. ((絕對(duì)的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié))-排除
三)新信息出現(xiàn)排除
如6、麗麗經(jīng)常打架,原文沒有出現(xiàn),所以正確答案中一定沒有。
托福閱讀中總結(jié)類型題目分析
官方指導(dǎo):
These items measure your ability to understand and recognize the major ideas and the relative importance of information in a passage. You will be asked to select the major ideas in the passage by distinguishing them from minor ideas or ideas that are not in the passage. The correct answer choice will synthesize major ideas in the passage. Because the correct answer represents a synthesis of ideas, it will not match any particular sentence from the passage. To select the correct answer, you will need to create a mental framework to organize and remember major ideas and other important information. Understanding the relative importance of information in a passage is critical to this ability. In a Prose Summary question, you will be given six answer choices and asked to pick the three that express the most important ideas in the passage. Unlike the Basic Information questions, each of which is worth just one point, a Prose Summary question can be worth either one or two points depending on how many correct answers you choose. If you choose no correct answers or just one correct answer, you will earn no points. If you choose two correct answers, you will earn one point. If you choose all three correct answers, you will earn two points. The order in which you choose your answers does not matter for scoring purposes.
根據(jù)新托福官方給出的官方指導(dǎo),總結(jié)出以下這些Summary做題技巧。
1. 這種題型的考點(diǎn)是讓學(xué)生找出三個(gè)Main Points(Ideas),而不是找出哪三個(gè)是對(duì)的,哪三個(gè)是錯(cuò)的。
2. 三個(gè)錯(cuò)誤答案有兩種可能性,一種是文章的Minor Ideas,也就是說(shuō)是小細(xì)節(jié)。而另外一種錯(cuò)誤的可能性就是文章中壓根沒有提到。從真實(shí)考試情況來(lái)看,第二種情況出現(xiàn)的可能性比較小。
3. 做這種題目的時(shí)候必須對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、脈絡(luò)和框架非常熟悉,否則這個(gè)時(shí)候又要通讀文章了。那么怎么對(duì)文章熟悉呢?我們發(fā)現(xiàn)Summary題型是最后一種題型,因此在做之前所有四選一題型的時(shí)候是按照文章順序分布的,因此建議考生在做單選題的時(shí)候一定要認(rèn)真,文章要看明白,否則做最后的大題目的時(shí)候就麻煩了。
4. 從分值來(lái)看,這種題型占到2分,選對(duì)3個(gè)Main Ideas才能夠答對(duì)2分。選對(duì)2個(gè)得1分。只選對(duì)一個(gè)或者一個(gè)都沒有選對(duì)得0分。其實(shí)從分值和6選3的概率來(lái)看,全部做對(duì)和全部做錯(cuò)的可能性都是很低的。從大量的考生分?jǐn)?shù)來(lái)看,得一分的情況比較多。也就是說(shuō),在考生對(duì)全文內(nèi)容不熟悉的情況下,憑著對(duì)著文章主旨的了解來(lái)做選擇,在6題中做對(duì)2題的情況比例非常高。因此,我們可以這樣說(shuō),只要對(duì)文章主旨完全吃透,另外在做四選一的題目時(shí)對(duì)每個(gè)段落的內(nèi)容有大致的了解,得2分的可能性還是很大的。
5. 三個(gè)正確答案的順序無(wú)關(guān)緊要,也就是說(shuō)在考試中鼠標(biāo)拖動(dòng)答案到答題框中的順序不影響最終的評(píng)判結(jié)果,此時(shí)不需要把這個(gè)三個(gè)正確答案按照文章中出現(xiàn)的順序來(lái)排列,而是只需要把三個(gè)正確答案選出即可。
6. 從過(guò)往的真題來(lái)看和官方指導(dǎo)來(lái)看,正確答案是對(duì)一個(gè)段落或者文章的總結(jié),而錯(cuò)誤答案往往是文章中某一種特定的句子。因此辨別正確錯(cuò)誤答案的標(biāo)志非常明顯,考生在練習(xí)時(shí)要注重辨別這一點(diǎn)。
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