2020高考英語(yǔ)沖刺知識(shí)考點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)
學(xué)習(xí)構(gòu)詞法的意義是什么呢?就是它可以使我們能夠輕松容易的認(rèn)識(shí)更多單詞，以一種巧妙的方式擴(kuò)大詞匯量。英語(yǔ)中的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種，即轉(zhuǎn)化法、合成法和派生法。接下來(lái)是小編為大家整理的2020高考英語(yǔ)沖刺知識(shí)考點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)，希望大家喜歡!
2020高考英語(yǔ)沖刺知識(shí)考點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)一
一、不定式做主語(yǔ)：
1、不定式做主語(yǔ)一般表示具體的某次動(dòng)作。動(dòng)名詞doing表示習(xí)慣的，經(jīng)常的動(dòng)作。
e.g:Tofinishthebuildinginamonthisdifficult.
Todosuchthingsisfoolish.
Toseeistobelieve.(對(duì)等)
注:1).不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)
2).當(dāng)主語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，謂語(yǔ)較短時(shí)，常用it做形式主語(yǔ)，而將不定式放到謂語(yǔ)的后面。
it做形式主語(yǔ)，不定式放在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：
(1)Itis/was+adj.+ofsb.todo…
(2)Itis+adj.+forsb.+todo…
Itiseasy/difficult/hard/foolish/unwise/right/wrong/unnecessary
(3)itis+a+名詞+todo...
Itisapity/apleasure/apleasantthing/one’sduty/anhonor/ashame/acrime/noeasyjob…todo
Ittakes(sb.)sometime/courage/patience…todo…
Itrequirescourage/patience/hardwork…todo…
注意:probable和possible均可作表語(yǔ)，但possible可以用不定式作真實(shí)主語(yǔ)，而probable不能用不定式作真實(shí)主語(yǔ)。
Itisprobableforhimtocometothemeeting.(錯(cuò))
Itispossibleforhimtocometothemeeting.
Itispossible/probablethathewillcometothemeeting.
2020高考英語(yǔ)沖刺知識(shí)考點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)二
一. 轉(zhuǎn)化法(conversion)
在英語(yǔ)中，一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉(zhuǎn)化法。
1. 動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
Let me have a try.
讓我試試。
They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.
在學(xué)校里只準(zhǔn)許他們出售不含酒精的飲料。
2. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
He shouldered his way through the crowd.
他用肩膀推開人群前進(jìn)。
The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.
從廚房傳來(lái)的氣味使他流口水。
3. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
We will try our best to better our living conditions.
我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。
They tried to perfect the working conditions.
他們努力改善工作條件。
4. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.
他不辨是非。
The old in our village are living a happy life.
我們村的老年人過(guò)著幸福的生活。
5. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞
How long have you lived there?
你在那兒住多久了?
二. 合成法(composition)
由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞連在一起合成一個(gè)新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫做合成法，合成的詞叫做合成詞(compounds)。合成詞的寫法由習(xí)慣決定，可以寫在一起，也可以用連詞符號(hào)連接。
1. 合成名詞
名詞/代詞+名詞
newspaper blood-test she-wolf
動(dòng)詞+名詞
typewriter pickpocket daybreak
形容詞+名詞
greenhouse highway
副詞+名詞
overcoat outside
名詞+v.-ing/v.-ing +名詞
handwriting reading-room freezing-point
動(dòng)詞+副詞/ 副詞+ 動(dòng)詞
breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome
名詞+介詞+名詞
sister-in-law editor-in-chief
2. 合成形容詞
名詞+形容詞/形容詞+名詞
world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term
副詞+形容詞
over-anxious evergreen
名詞+過(guò)去分詞
man-made sun-burnt
名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
peace-loving English-speaking
形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
good-looking easy-going
副詞+過(guò)去分詞
well-informed widespread
副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
hardworking far-reaching
3. 合成動(dòng)詞
名詞+動(dòng)詞
baby-sit sleepwalk
副詞+動(dòng)詞
outnumber underestimate overwork
形容詞+動(dòng)詞
whitewash
4. 合成副詞
形容詞+名詞
meanwhile anyway
形容詞+副詞
everywhere anyhow
副詞+副詞
however
介詞+名詞
beforehand overhead
介詞+副詞
forever
5. 合成代詞
代詞賓格+self/selves
herself themselves
物主代詞+self/selves
myself yourselves
形容詞+名詞
anything nothing
6. 合成介詞
副詞+名詞
inside outside
介詞+副詞
without within
副詞+介詞
into
三. 派生法
由一個(gè)詞加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫做派生法。
1. 前綴
除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，但不改變單詞的詞性。
(1)表示否定意義的前綴
un-unhappy unfinished undress
dis- disagree disbelieve
in[il-(在字母l前)，im-(在字母m，b，p前)，ir(在字母r前)]-inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular
mis-misbehave mislead mistake
non-nonstop nonsmoker
(2)表示其他意義的前綴
en-“使……” enrich enlarge encourage
inter-“相互” international intercontinental
re-“再，又，重” rethink retell recycle
tele-“遠(yuǎn)程的” telescope telephone telegraph
auto-“自動(dòng)的” automatic automobile
co-“共同” coworker cooperate coexist
anti-“反對(duì)，抵抗” antiwar antifreeze antinuclear
multi-“多” multistory multicultural multicolor
bi-“雙，二”bicycle bilingual bilateral
micro-“極小的，微小的” microwave microcomputer
over-“太多，過(guò)分” overwork overdo overestimate
self-“自己，本身” self-centered self-confident self-control
under-“在……下面，……下的，不足的” underline， underground， underestimate， underrate
2. 后綴
(1)形容詞后綴
-able “可……的，具有……的” acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable
-al“與……有關(guān)的” physical， magical， political
-an“屬于某地方的人” American African
-ern“方向” southern， northern， eastern
-ful/ less“(沒(méi))有……的” helpful， useful， homeless， hopeless
-ish“如……的;有……特征的” foolish childish selfish
-ive“有……傾向的” active attractive expensive
-en“由……制成的” golden wooden woolen
-ous“有(性質(zhì))的” famous， dangerous， poisonous
-ly “有……性質(zhì)的” friendly yearly daily
-y“構(gòu)成形容詞” noisy dusty cloudy
(2)名詞后綴
-er / or“表人或用具” farmer， baker， visitor， professor， cooker， container
-ese“某國(guó)(人)的” Chinese， Japanese
-ian“某國(guó)、某地人;精通……的人” musician， Asian， Russian， technician
-ist“某種主義或職業(yè)者” physicist， scientist， communist，socialist
-ess“表女性，雌性” hostess， actress， princess
-ment“行為或其狀態(tài)” government， movement， achievement
-ness“性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)” illness， sadness， carelessness
-tion“動(dòng)作，過(guò)程，結(jié)果” invention， organization， translation
(3)動(dòng)詞后綴
-fy / ify“使得;變得” simplify， beautify， purify
-en“使成為……;變得” shorten， deepen， sadden
-ize“使成為” apologize， realize， specialize
(4)副詞后綴
-ly“方式，程度” freely， truly， angrily
ward(s)“向……” towards， forward， upwards
(5)數(shù)詞后綴
-teen“十幾” fourteen， eighteen， thirteen
-ty“整十位數(shù)” forty， fifty， sixty
-th“序數(shù)詞” twelfth， twentieth
2020高考英語(yǔ)沖刺知識(shí)考點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)三
一、短語(yǔ)歸納
1. take after 長(zhǎng)相或舉止像(某個(gè)長(zhǎng)輩)(不用進(jìn)行時(shí))
Mary really takes after her mother;she has the same eyes，nose and hair. 瑪麗真像她媽媽，眼睛、鼻子和頭發(fā)都一個(gè)樣。
2. take apart把(小型機(jī)器、鐘表等)拆開;拆散;(在體育運(yùn)動(dòng)或比賽中)把……徹底打敗;對(duì)……苛求;嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)Take the watch apart and see if you can see what‘s wrong with it. 把手表拆開來(lái)看看你能不能檢查出什么毛病。
England was really taken apart by Italy in last night‘s match. 在昨晚的比賽中，英格蘭隊(duì)可謂給意大利隊(duì)打得潰不成軍了。
3. take as 看作，認(rèn)為(=regard / consider / look on / treat …… as)
I took your nod as a sign of approval. 我把你的點(diǎn)頭看作是同意的表示了。
4. take away 拿走;使停學(xué)，使離開;使消失;減去The child was taken away(輟學(xué))from school. Now I‘ll give you some tablets to take away(使消失)the pain.
Take away(減去)2 from 4 and you get 2.
take away from 貶低(有益或令人滿意之事物)的作用His refusal to accept the prize does not take away from his success in winning it. 他拒絕領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)無(wú)損于他贏得此獎(jiǎng)的斐然成績(jī)。
5. take back承認(rèn)說(shuō)錯(cuò)了(話)，收回(諾言、話語(yǔ));使回憶起;送回，還回去;退(貨)
I‘m sorry I was rude;I take back everything I said. 對(duì)不起我失禮了，我承認(rèn)我所說(shuō)的全都錯(cuò)了。
Seeing that old film really took me back!觀看那部舊電影的確使我回想起了過(guò)去的歲月。
6. take down拿下，取下;記下來(lái);褪下(褲子等穿于腰以下的衣物);把(大型機(jī)器或大物件)拆成零部件;把……拆卸開(tear down 推倒;拆毀pull down 拆毀)
When the picture was taken down，the wall looked very bare. 把那幅畫取下來(lái)后墻壁就顯得毫無(wú)裝飾了。
We‘ll have to take the engine down to get to the gearbox. 我們得先拆卸發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，才能接觸到變速箱。
7. take in接待(某人)留宿;欺瞞，欺騙;充分理解，掌握;把(衣服)改窄(let out加寬，放長(zhǎng)，加大);包含，包括He had nowhere to sleep so we offered to take him in. 他沒(méi)有地方可睡，我們于是就提出讓他留宿。
Don‘t be taken in by his promises. 不要被他的許諾所蒙騙!
It took me a long time to take in what you were saying. 我費(fèi)了好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才弄明白你所說(shuō)的話。
My dress is a bit loose round the waist—could you take it in for me?我衣服的腰圍有點(diǎn)寬松，你能給我改窄一些嗎?
This is the total cost of the holiday，taking everything in. 這是度假的全部費(fèi)用，一切都包括在內(nèi)。
8. take off脫下，脫去(尤指衣服);解(拿)掉(put on 穿上);(飛機(jī)等)升空，起飛;休假;歇(……天)假;請(qǐng)假;開始有成就;開始受歡迎;開始成名;打折扣;(尤指為了逗笑而)模仿(某人)的談吐、舉止等I‘m taking Thursday off because I’m moving into a new house. 我星期四休假，因?yàn)槲乙峒摇?/p>
It was at this point that her acting career really took off. 正是從這個(gè)時(shí)候起，她的表演生涯真正開始走紅了。
His shopkeeper took off 5 percent discount for each. 他的店員把每樣?xùn)|西都打折了5%. The actor made everyone laugh by taking off the members of the royal family. 這個(gè)演員模仿某些王室成員，結(jié)果逗引得人人發(fā)笑。
9. take on開始雇用;開始具有/ 呈現(xiàn)(某種品質(zhì)、面貌等);露出;接受(工作等);承擔(dān)(責(zé)任等);開始和……爭(zhēng)吵(斗毆、作對(duì)、較量等)
We‘ve decided to take on a new clerk in the accounts department. 我們已決定在會(huì)計(jì)部雇用一名新職員。
His face took on a worried expression. 他的臉上露出了擔(dān)憂的表情。
My doctor says I‘m too tired and has advised me not to take any more work on. 醫(yī)生說(shuō)我疲勞過(guò)度，勸我不要再干更多的工作。
The trade union made the mistake of trying to take on the government. 工會(huì)犯了試圖和政府抗?fàn)幍腻e(cuò)誤。
The bus took on more passengers. 公共汽車搭載更多乘客了。
10. take out帶(某人)去(某處參加社交活動(dòng)等);正式取得，領(lǐng)得，獲得;洗去(污跡)，使褪色I(xiàn)‘m taking the children out to the theatre tonight. 今晚我?guī)Ш⒆觽內(nèi)タ磻颉?/p>
Mary and John took out a marriage license. 瑪麗和約翰正式領(lǐng)了結(jié)婚證。
He took out the pencil marks from his drawing. 他擦去了他的畫上的鉛筆跡。
11. take over接手，接任;接管
Who do you think will take over now that the governor has been dismissed?州長(zhǎng)已被免職，你看會(huì)由誰(shuí)來(lái)接任呢?
12. take to (尤指立刻)對(duì)……產(chǎn)生好感，喜歡上;染上……習(xí)慣(嗜好等);到(某處)休息;到……躲藏;逃往I took to Paul as soon as we met. 我一見到保羅就對(duì)他有好感。
All this gloomy news is enough to make you take to drink. 所有這些令人沮喪的消息都足以使人酗起酒來(lái)。
Father‘s ill，so he’s taken to his bed. 爸爸病了，因此臥床休息了。
13. take up開始花時(shí)間從事(某項(xiàng)活動(dòng));對(duì)……產(chǎn)生興趣;開始學(xué)習(xí)(某課程)，選修;(事物或事件)占用了(時(shí)間或空間);接受……的建議;繼續(xù)John took up acting while he was at college. 約翰在上大學(xué)時(shí)開始喜歡上演戲了。
The job took up most of Sunday. 這項(xiàng)工作占用了大半個(gè)星期天。
Why don‘t you take him up on his offer of a meal?你為什么不接受他的邀請(qǐng)去吃飯呢?
I‘ll take up the story where I finished yesterday. 這個(gè)故事我會(huì)從昨天講完的地方繼續(xù)講下去。
14. take …… for / to be …… (錯(cuò))當(dāng)作，以為是(mistake …… for ……)
I took him for his brother. They are extremely alike. 我把他誤作是他弟弟，他們很像。
15. take a chance 碰碰運(yùn)氣，冒……風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
16. take a deep / long breath 深吸一口氣(以鼓起勇氣或仔細(xì)考慮)
17. take a hand in 干預(yù)
18. take a load / weight off sb.‘s mind 使放心/ 安心
19. take a risk / risks 冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
20. take a seat 坐下
21. take a vote 投票表決
22. take an interest in 對(duì)……有興趣
23. take steps / measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事
24. take action (on)(對(duì)……)采取行動(dòng)
25. take advantage of 利用;占……的便宜;不正當(dāng)?shù)乩?/p>
26. take aim (at)瞄準(zhǔn)
27. take …… by surprise 奇襲;出其不意地做某事;使……驚奇
28. take care 當(dāng)心(= look out / be careful )
29. take care of 照顧，料理;處理，對(duì)付;當(dāng)心
30. take charge of 負(fù)責(zé);接管
31. take cold 感冒，傷風(fēng)
32. take control of 控制住，管住
33. take delight / pleasure in 以……為樂(lè);喜歡
34. take effect 開始起作用;開始生效
35. take …… for granted 想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為(會(huì)是某種情況);認(rèn)為……是理所當(dāng)然的;認(rèn)為沒(méi)有問(wèn)題
36. take …… for instance / example 以……為例
37. take hold of 抓住;吸引住
38. take …… into account / consideration 考慮到，把……考慮進(jìn)去
39. take it / things easy 慢慢來(lái)，不要過(guò)于緊張/ 勞累，沉住氣
40. take it or leave it 要不要都行;要么要，要么不要;不要還價(jià)
41. take note (of)把……記下來(lái)
42. take notice (of)注意;理會(huì)
43. take notes 作記錄;記筆記
44. take / come into office 就職，上任
45. take one‘s breath away 令人驚異，令人嘆為觀止
46. take one’s chance(s)碰碰自己的運(yùn)氣
47. take one‘s time 慢慢來(lái)，從容不迫
48. take pains 費(fèi)盡力氣，煞費(fèi)苦心，盡力設(shè)法I took pains to explain the facts clearly.
49. take (the)trouble 費(fèi)事，下工夫You must have taken a lot of trouble to find out what was true.
50. take part (in)參加，參與
51. take pity on / upon 可憐，憐憫(show mercy to / have mercy on)
52. take place 發(fā)生，舉行
53. take pride in (be proud of)為……感到自豪/ 驕傲
54. take one‘s place 代替某人
55. take the opportunity 利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)I shall take the first opportunity of seeing you. He may take the opportunity to point out that ……
56. take turns 輪流(做某事)
They took turns to look after the baby. The two boys took turns at digging the hole.
57. take sides 支持;偏袒You always take sides with brother without even listening to me.
你總是偏袒弟弟，根本不聽我的。
58. I take it (that)我想;我認(rèn)為I take it you‘ve heard that the mayor’s resigned. 我想你已聽說(shuō)市長(zhǎng)已經(jīng)辭職了。
二、考點(diǎn)透視
1.考查特定語(yǔ)境下的詞義辨析、短語(yǔ)搭配。
(1)take與其它動(dòng)詞加上同一個(gè)介/ 副詞的辨析，如06山東卷第34題;
(2)take與其它動(dòng)詞加上不同介/ 副詞的辨析，如08山東卷第29題、08寧夏卷第34題、08天津卷第7題等;
(3)take短語(yǔ)搭配辨析，包括take + 介詞/ 副詞短語(yǔ)，take + 名詞短語(yǔ)，take + 名詞+ 介詞短語(yǔ)等。
2.結(jié)合時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)考查take短語(yǔ)，如06福建卷第24題。
3. 結(jié)合非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法考查take用法，如03上海卷第39題。
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