托福寫(xiě)作格式常見(jiàn)形式
托福寫(xiě)作的復(fù)習(xí)中，大家對(duì)于寫(xiě)作的格式也要有所了解。今天新東方在線托福網(wǎng)為大家整理了一些考試常用到的寫(xiě)作格式，幫助大家最好規(guī)范，爭(zhēng)取拿到寫(xiě)作的高分。下面讓我們來(lái)看看詳細(xì)的內(nèi)容：
托福寫(xiě)作格式常見(jiàn)形式總結(jié)
第一種托福作文格式
Introduction
Background+ My Opinion / Layout
Body:
1. Opinion One/ Advantage
Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences
2. Opinion Two/ Disadvantage
Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Three + Supporting Sentences
Conclusion:
Statement of My Opinion (for opinion two/ more disadvantages than advantages)
此類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)是雙邊傾向性結(jié)構(gòu)，是雙邊結(jié)構(gòu)中的一種。對(duì)大多數(shù)中國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，雙邊結(jié)構(gòu)較單邊結(jié)構(gòu)最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是論證過(guò)程比較容易擴(kuò)展。雙邊論證指正文兩段分別論述下兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。
可以做一個(gè)有趣的比喻，托福寫(xiě)作中雙邊論證的結(jié)構(gòu)就像是在打一場(chǎng)官司，引言段引出話題，可以看作是書(shū)記員來(lái)宣布審理的案件，正文兩段分別是兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，可以理解為被告和原告的辯護(hù)律師來(lái)列舉對(duì)自己有利的證據(jù)，結(jié)尾段得出觀點(diǎn)，即法官在總結(jié)了被告原告律師的發(fā)言后，得出自己的答案，同意哪一方，是否定罪。
第二種托福寫(xiě)作格式
Introduction
Background+My Opinion
Body:
1.Reason One + Supportiong Sentences(ss表示)
2.Reason Two + SS
3.Reason Three + SS
Conclusion:
Restatement of My Opinion
上述結(jié)構(gòu)中的supporting sentences在議論文中的體現(xiàn)方式是一些論證方法，如舉例子(exemplification)，對(duì)比對(duì)照(contrast& comparison)，列數(shù)據(jù)(raising figures)，讓步(making concession)等來(lái)對(duì)自己支持的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證，使考官信服。
托福寫(xiě)作中的高頻十大句型
第一：賓語(yǔ)從句
Eg: Some people claim that government should be mainly responsible for the environmental pollution.一些人認(rèn)為政府應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境污染負(fù)主要責(zé)任。
第二：狀語(yǔ)從句
在托福寫(xiě)作當(dāng)中運(yùn)用的最多的是以下五種狀語(yǔ)從句，即原因狀語(yǔ)從句，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，條件狀語(yǔ)從句，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和目的狀語(yǔ)從句。
1.原因狀語(yǔ)從句
常由because, as, since和for引導(dǎo)。2013年托福考試寫(xiě)作題型解讀托福臨考前復(fù)習(xí)，1月12日首場(chǎng)托福，Eg: Nonetheless, I am still in favor of space travel, for its merits far outweigh demerits.盡管如此，我還是贊成太空探險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)樗暮锰庍h(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于壞處。
2.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句常由although, though, even though/ if, as long as和not with standing引導(dǎo)Eg: Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.盡管這一觀點(diǎn)被廣泛接受，很少有證據(jù)表明教育能夠在任何地點(diǎn)、任何年齡進(jìn)行。
3.條件狀語(yǔ)從句常由if, on the condition that和providing that引導(dǎo)Eg: If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared.假如你要取得成就或要實(shí)現(xiàn)你的雄心壯志，你必須努力工作、艱苦奮斗、準(zhǔn)備好條件。
4.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常由when和while引導(dǎo)Eg: When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.說(shuō)到教育，大部分人認(rèn)為其是一個(gè)終生的學(xué)習(xí)。
5.目的狀語(yǔ)從句常由so that和in order that引導(dǎo)Eg: Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.成千上萬(wàn)的人們不得不花費(fèi)的精力和時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)新的技術(shù)和知識(shí)，使得他們?cè)诰蜆I(yè)市場(chǎng)能保持優(yōu)勢(shì)。
第三：同位語(yǔ)從句
Eg: It is cars and factories that release a great deal of gases, polluting the environment.汽車(chē)和工廠排放大量的廢氣，使得環(huán)境被污染。
第四：主語(yǔ)從句
Eg: What has caught our attention is /It is noticeable that the environment in both the rural and urban areas is deteriorating.值得注意的是農(nóng)村和城市的生態(tài)環(huán)境都在不斷惡化。
第五：定語(yǔ)從句
最常用的一種句型之一。適當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用定語(yǔ)從句可以給你的文章增色不少。例如，下面的這兩個(gè)句子用上定語(yǔ)從句馬上就變成了一個(gè)漂亮的復(fù)雜句。Bad books contain evil thoughts. In them, there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex.改變后：Bad books, in which there might be much description about violence, superstition, and sex, contain evil thoughts.
第六：強(qiáng)調(diào)句
It is + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容 + thatEg: It is cars and factories that release a great deal of gases, polluting the environment.汽車(chē)和工廠排放大量的廢氣，使得環(huán)境被污染
第七：倒裝句
Eg: Only if the government will take some appropriate measures, will this intractable problem be tackled.只有政府采取適當(dāng)?shù)?a href='http://m.athomedrugdetox.com/fwn/cuoshi/' target='_blank'>措施，這個(gè)棘手的問(wèn)題才能被解決。
第八：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
Eg: Every means should be tried to protect the environment on which people live.人們應(yīng)竭盡全力來(lái)保護(hù)我們賴(lài)以生存的環(huán)境。
第九：分詞結(jié)構(gòu)
包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。Eg: Tourism, which is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries.旅游業(yè)是一個(gè)新興的行業(yè)，它成為經(jīng)濟(jì)的主要在很多東南亞國(guó)家起著尤為重要的作用。
第十：插入語(yǔ)
一種獨(dú)立成分，與句子的其它成分一般沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法上的關(guān)系。大都是對(duì)一句話作一些附加說(shuō)明或解釋。它通常由一個(gè)詞、一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)句子構(gòu)成位置較為靈活，可置于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗號(hào)或破折號(hào)與句子隔開(kāi)。Eg: Computer, an indispensable part in our life, has brought us great conveniences.電腦，我們生活中必不可少的一部分，給我們帶來(lái)了極大的方便。
如何讓你的托福寫(xiě)作大放異彩
閃光的托福作文包含四個(gè)要素：
1、完整性：句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整，意義完整;
2、連貫性：句子各部分之間以及句子之間的關(guān)系緊密、協(xié)調(diào)，前后意思連貫，思想表達(dá)清楚有序;
3、簡(jiǎn)潔性：言簡(jiǎn)意賅;
4、多樣性：包括詞匯多樣性和句子多樣性。
以上四要素中，前三個(gè)要素是前提和基礎(chǔ)，比較容易做到;多樣性是對(duì)前三個(gè)要素的升華，是作文閃光點(diǎn)的核心和關(guān)鍵所在。
托福詞匯多樣性：
詞匯貧乏是中國(guó)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)作文的通病。整篇作文一個(gè)詞用到底，從不作任何變化：一遇到“改變/變化”就是change，“影響”就是effect，“流行”就是popular，“認(rèn)為”就是think; 每逢“因?yàn)椤本褪莃ecause，“意識(shí)到”就是realize，“想到”就是think of 等等。其實(shí)英語(yǔ)詞匯很豐富的，同一個(gè)意思可以由很多不同的方式表達(dá)。
句子多樣性：
單調(diào)的句式和結(jié)構(gòu)、長(zhǎng)度相近的句子使作文呆板單調(diào)，缺乏生動(dòng)性和說(shuō)服力;而靈活多變的句子樣式和結(jié)構(gòu)則使作文語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)，自然流暢，豐富多彩。具體包括以下幾個(gè)方面：
1長(zhǎng)短句變換：簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句交替運(yùn)用
長(zhǎng)句準(zhǔn)確生動(dòng)，長(zhǎng)于說(shuō)明推理;短句簡(jiǎn)潔明快，意義明確，印象深刻，描述動(dòng)作，表明主旨，總結(jié)歸納，非短句不可。既然各有所長(zhǎng)，在寫(xiě)作時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際需要，交替使用簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句，以達(dá)到“段間長(zhǎng)短不一，全篇句式萬(wàn)千”、豐富多樣的效果，給讀者以及閱卷老師以永恒的新鮮感。
2結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化
我們學(xué)過(guò)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)(包括不定式結(jié)構(gòu)和分詞結(jié)構(gòu))，無(wú)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，分隔結(jié)構(gòu)，比較結(jié)構(gòu)，獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，特殊否定結(jié)構(gòu)，it結(jié)構(gòu)，平行結(jié)構(gòu)，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，等等。其中最為神通廣大的是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中或作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，或作表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，或作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞，或作狀語(yǔ)表示條件、原因、讓步、時(shí)間、方式、目的、結(jié)果、伴隨狀況等，不一而足。
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以簡(jiǎn)化大部分英語(yǔ)從句，產(chǎn)生語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練，結(jié)構(gòu)豐富多樣的效果，請(qǐng)看下列轉(zhuǎn)化實(shí)例：
名詞從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)
1. That John won the marathon surprised us.
John’s winning the Marathon surprised us.
2. I have not decided whether I should vote for Clint.
I have not decided whether to vote for Clint.
定語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)
1. The man (who is) standing at the gate is my English teacher.
2. The car (that was) repaired yesterday by him is my mother's.
3. The next train that arrives is from New York.
狀語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)
1. After he had watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.
Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.
2. When they are heated metals expand.
(When) Heated, metals expand.
3. Because I do not know what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.
Not knowing what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.
4. I spoke slowly and clearly in order that the audience could understand me.
…in order for the audience to understand me.
5. If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fail.
United, we stand; divided, we fail.
6. Though he has lived in Canada for tree years, he still cannot speak English well.
Having lived in Canada for three years, he still cannot speak English well.
無(wú)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)也是閱卷老師喜歡看到的亮點(diǎn)，原因就在于由于漢語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作慣性，中國(guó)學(xué)生很少能想到使用該結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)質(zhì)上是SVC結(jié)構(gòu)的省略，包括形容詞無(wú)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)、名詞無(wú)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)(即同位結(jié)構(gòu))和介詞無(wú)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，往往放在句子開(kāi)頭，以逗號(hào)同主句隔開(kāi)，表示原因、條件、讓步、補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，伴隨狀況等意義。請(qǐng)看下列例子：
形容詞無(wú)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)
1. Big and fat, Victor went to the Gym(健身館) every Sunday morning.(原因)
2. Speechless, Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat.(伴隨狀語(yǔ))
3. Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote.(原因)
4. (Although)always helpful, he was not much liked by people.(讓步)
5. It has little taste, unless hot.(條件)
名詞無(wú)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)
6. A fellow Georgian(佐治亞人), Jordan was well-known as a friend of the President.(同位語(yǔ))
7. Bank loan or no bank loan, we’ll buy the house.(讓步)
8. Whatever the reason, his cordiality(誠(chéng)懇)to her has won him a friend.(讓步)
介詞無(wú)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)
9. Because of his mistake several people died.(原因)
10. Without his sister’s money, Harry would never be a doctor.(條件)
由于寫(xiě)作慣性，同學(xué)們寫(xiě)英語(yǔ)作文時(shí)，很可能不會(huì)想到上述結(jié)構(gòu)，而是寫(xiě)成分句，例如上述例1和例2可能寫(xiě)成：
1b. Because he was big and fat, Victor went to the Gym every Sunday morning.
2b. Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat, and kept speechless.
相比之下不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，無(wú)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)比分句效果更好，更地道，更簡(jiǎn)練，同時(shí)又豐富了作文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，不僅讓讀者和閱卷老師為之眼前一亮!
3主語(yǔ)多樣化
中國(guó)人習(xí)慣于用人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)，而英語(yǔ)中則常用無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)(inanimate subject)，即無(wú)生命的事物作主語(yǔ)，如：
1.The last two decades has witnessed earth-shaking changes in China.
中國(guó)在過(guò)去的二十年中發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。
2. A strange peace came over her when she was alone.
她獨(dú)處時(shí)感到一種特別的安寧。
3. I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.
由于我近來(lái)事務(wù)繁忙，沒(méi)能給于及早回復(fù)，對(duì)此我表示深深的歉意。
4. The smallest excuse would have served.
其實(shí)，你隨便找個(gè)哪怕最小的借口就可以了。
5. That night sleep eluded me.
那天晚上我徹夜未眠。
6. The old house has seen better days.
這座老房子的主人曾過(guò)著更好的生活。
7. Everything at the party spoke of careful planning.
派對(duì)上的一切都說(shuō)明主人進(jìn)行了精心策劃。
8.A terrible thought suddenly struck me—had I locked the door?
我突然產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)可怕的想法——我鎖門(mén)了嗎?
9. When he had to speak, his confidence suddenly deserted him.
等到不得不說(shuō)話時(shí)，他卻突然沒(méi)了信心。
在英語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有生命的事物作主語(yǔ)，來(lái)作為動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者是相當(dāng)普遍的現(xiàn)象，幾乎和人稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)句平分秋色。但由于受漢語(yǔ)思維的束縛，我們往往覺(jué)得人作主語(yǔ)更自然，因此大多數(shù)情況下，我們中國(guó)學(xué)生不假思索地采取漢語(yǔ)的思維去表達(dá)，如上述例1、例5和例9，很可能會(huì)寫(xiě)作如下的樣子：
1b. Great changes have taken place in China in the last two decades.
5b. I failed to fall into sleep that night.
5c. I kept awake all through that night.
9b. When he had to speak, he suddenly lost confidence.
我們既然已經(jīng)了解了英語(yǔ)的這種獨(dú)特思維，寫(xiě)托福作文時(shí)，我們要有意識(shí)地按照英語(yǔ)的思維去表達(dá)，這樣不僅能寫(xiě)出地道的英語(yǔ)句子，也避免了作文中千篇一律的“人”主宰一切的枯燥和沉悶的氛圍。
4開(kāi)頭多樣化
開(kāi)頭除了使用主語(yǔ)外，還可以用各種各樣的結(jié)構(gòu)
1. An expert in forest fire control, the forest ranger talked to the campers about safety in the woods.同位語(yǔ)
2. Angry, Mr. Boyd began to defend his reputation with strong arguments.形容詞短語(yǔ)
3. Tired and dirty, the boys returned to the camp.形容詞短語(yǔ)
4. Jogging every day, I soon increased my energy level.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)
5. Troubled by a dream, Tim woke up with a start.過(guò)去分詞
6. To succeed in that course, you must attend every class.不定式短語(yǔ)
7. In the scientific laboratory, Madame Curie was an industrious worker.介詞短語(yǔ)
8. Because he was tired and discouraged, he did not want to rewrite the paper.原因狀語(yǔ)句
9. What you impulsively do in haste you may regret( )in leisure.賓語(yǔ)從句提前
5運(yùn)用修辭手法：排比;對(duì)偶
1. I came, I saw, I conquered. 我來(lái)了，我看了，我征服(凱撒大帝語(yǔ))
2. He was well-known, well-respected, and well-loved.
3. The proof of gold is fire; the proof of woman, gold; the proof of man, a woman.火可以檢驗(yàn)真金，金子可以檢驗(yàn)女人，而女人可以檢驗(yàn)?zāi)腥恕?/p>
4. Government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.這個(gè)民有、民主、民享的政府永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)從地球上消失
5. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. (摘自馬丁·路德·金的著名演說(shuō)I Have a Dream)
6. The power of French literature is in its prose writers; the power of English literature is in its poets.法國(guó)文學(xué)長(zhǎng)于散文;英國(guó)文學(xué)優(yōu)于詩(shī)歌。
7. A long journey tests a horse’s strength; a long acquaintance shows a man’s heart. 路遙知馬力，日久見(jiàn)人心。
以上例句中，前五個(gè)運(yùn)用排比修辭格，節(jié)奏優(yōu)美，語(yǔ)勢(shì)強(qiáng)烈，感染力強(qiáng);后兩句運(yùn)用這些的秘訣可以稱(chēng)為金科玉律(Golden Rules)，卻一點(diǎn)也不復(fù)雜，對(duì)偶修辭格，言簡(jiǎn)意賅，意義雋永。掌握了上述方法將會(huì)讓你的托福作文語(yǔ)言大放異彩。
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托福寫(xiě)作格式常見(jiàn)形式
